endocrine part 2

Question 1

is smaller than the anterior portion. It forms from an outgrowth of the developing hypothalamus, and is therefore derived from ectoderm destined to become nervous tissue

Answer 1

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Question 2

*** the hypothalmus secretes inhibitory hormones

Question 3

Its cells are ___________ located in the hypothalamus, hormones produced there are transported down the axons to secretory vesicles located in the swollen synaptic end bulbs of the axon found in the posterior pituitary

Answer 3

neurosecretory / neuroendocrine cells

Question 4

This is an example of a ________whereby the sensory input is neural, but the output is endocrine (hormone)

Answer 4

neuroendocrine reflex

Question 5

________ is a cause of hypersecretion of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism) and

Answer 5

Graves’ disease

Question 6

_________(protruding eyes)

Answer 6

exophthalmos

Question 7

congenital hypothyroidism (low secretion) in children can lead to ________

Answer 7

cretinism

Question 8

hypothyroidism in adults can be due to _______ which is an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland itself, leading to decreased secretion of hormone

Answer 8

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 9

iodine deficiency can lead to _____

Answer 9

goiter

Question 10

PTH secretion is stimulated by _____calcium ion levels

Answer 10

low blood

Question 11

PTH secretion is stimulated by low blood calcium ion levels
It increases the activity of osteoclasts, and therefore promotes the ________ to release calcium and phosphates ions into the blood

Answer 11

breakdown of bone

Question 12

Nerve cell function depends on calcium ion levels & calcium ions needed for _____

Answer 12

clotting

Question 13

______derived from mesoderm; produces steroid hormones

Answer 13

adrenal cortex -

Question 14

_________the secretory chromaffin cells are enlarged synaptic end bulbs of neurons of sympathetic nervous system – involved in Fight or Flight response

Answer 14

adrenal medulla -

Question 15

secrete the hormones _______and _______ into blood rather than neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions

Answer 15

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 16

Mainly ______ which acts on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of sodium ions into blood

Answer 16

aldosterone

Question 17

aldosterone causes ______ into urine

Answer 17

excretion of potassium ions

Question 18

Control of secretion involves the ____________ (kidney autoregulation)

Answer 18

renin-angiotensin pathway

Question 19

_______Due to hypersecretion of aldosterone

Answer 19

Aldosteronism

Question 20

Excessive sodium and water retention can lead to __________

Answer 20

increased blood volume and blood pressure

Question 21

_______(Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency)
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone due to atrophy of adrenal cortex

Answer 21

Addison’s Disease

Question 22

_______hypersecretion of glucocorticoids due to tumor of anterior pituitary which produces excessive amounts ACTC, symptoms same as below

Answer 22

Cushing’s Disease -

Question 23

________hypersecretion of glucocorticoids due to tumor of adrenal cortex, or long term glucocorticoid use for immune suppression

Answer 23

Cushing’s Syndrome -

Question 24

______ Male sex hormones

Answer 24

Androgens -

Question 25

_____ (Dehydroepiandrosterone) secretion is mainly stimulated by ACTH

Answer 25

DHEA

Question 26

______ or development of facial and body hair

Answer 26

hirsutism

Question 27

_______ or masculinization such as deeper voice due to masculinzation of larynx and increased muscle bulk, narrow hips, wider shoulders…

Answer 27

virilism

Question 28

Secrete the hormones ______and ________ (also called adrenalin and noradrenalin) into blood rather than neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions

Answer 28

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 29

epinephrine, norepinephrine are released very quickly because the adrenal medulla is directly innervated by neurons of the sympathetic nervous system ______ response

Answer 29

Fight or Flight

Question 30

The remaining 1% are endocrine cells concentrated into clusters called pancreatic islets or ______, clusters of cells infiltrated by capillaries

Answer 30

Islets of Langerhans

Question 31

alpha cells produce _____ hormone which ____ blood sugar levels by

Answer 31

glucagon, raises

Question 32

alpha cells increasing ______ (glycogen  glucose)

Answer 32

glycogenolysis

Question 33

alpha cells increasing _______(glucose from lipids and proteins)

Answer 33

gluconeogenesis

Question 34

alpha cells produce glucagon this hormone acts on the ____

Answer 34

liver

Question 35

glucogon also enhances _______ into the blood

Answer 35

release of glucose from cells

Question 36

beta cells produce ______ which ____ blood sugar levels by acting on various cells of the body

Answer 36

insulin, lowers

Question 37

Disorders associated with pancreatic islet disfunction include ______

Answer 37

diabetes mellitus

Question 38

Loss of beta cells leads to high glucose levels or _______, where excess glucose is eliminated in the urine (abnormal)

Answer 38

hyperglycemia

Question 39

______ of diabetes mellitus are excessive urination, excessive thirst and excessive eating (last one only in Type I)

Answer 39

Three symptoms

Question 40

cardiovascular problems including _______ (damage to capillaries) which in turn can lead to ischemia and gangrene resulting in limb amputation

Answer 40

microangiopathy

Question 41

_______ insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; appears to be due to an autoimmune response whereby the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

Answer 41

type I diabetes mellitus (used to be called juvenile diabetes)

Question 42

___________ more common than type I; associated with obesity even in children; characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency

Answer 42

type II diabetes mellitus (used to be called adult-onset diabetes mellitus);

Question 43

Secretes the hormone ______ when the person is in darkness, which regulates _______

Answer 43

melatonin, sleep-wake cycles

Question 44

Hormones produced by the thymus gland promote ______

Answer 44

maturation of T lymphoctyes

Question 45

Growth factors are group of hormones that _______

Answer 45

stimulate cell division and growth

Question 46

Growth factors are _____

Answer 46

local hormones

Question 47

_______produced by the kidneys to increase red blood cell formation; a banned substance used by endurance athletes to boost red blood cell production and increase the oxygen carry ability of blood

Answer 47

Erythropoietin (EPO) -

Question 48

________releasing and inhibiting hormones

Answer 48

hypothalamus

Question 49

hypothalamus produces _____ that stimulates the _____ which releases _____ which stimulates the adrenal glands release ______

Answer 49

CRH, Ant. pituitary, ACTH, cortisol

Question 50

thyroid follicle

Answer 50

colloidal silver (papa smurf)

Question 51

low calcium stimulates _____

Answer 51

parathyroid hormone

Question 52

insulin comes from ______

Answer 52

beta cells

Question 53

______ secrete glucagon

Answer 53

alpha cells

Question 54

low blood sugar stimulates _____

Answer 54

glucagon

Question 55

insulin conversion of ______ to ______

Answer 55

glucose to glycogen

Question 56

stimulated by low blood sugar

Answer 56

glucagon, cortisol, t3,t4, adrenaline, hgh

Question 57

stimulated by high blood sugar

Answer 57

insulin

Question 58

____________discovered insulin

Answer 58

banting and best

Question 59

IGF triggers _____

Answer 59

growth hormone

Question 60

9 matching hormone to function Cortisol main function increase glucose