Chapter 1: Today's health care system Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
Name one “characteristic” that has evolved through healthcare.
A
Obesity
- obesity was considered a sign of wealth, it is now a sign of disease
2
Q
What were the three healthcare categories before the 1900s
A
- physician
- dentist
- nurse
3
Q
When were the prehistoric times
A
8000 BC to 3000 BC
4
Q
Why did disease not spread easily in prehistoric times?
A
- nomadic lifestyle
- small communities
5
Q
What was medicine rooted in in the prehistoric times?
A
religious or spiritual belief
6
Q
When were the ancient times
A
3000 BC to 500 AD
7
Q
Describe the Ancient Times in Egypt
A
- basic knowledge of human anatomy
- documented advanced hygienic ideas
- influenced the Greek
8
Q
Who was Hippocrates (from Greece)
A
- figure in Greek Medicine
- emphasized prognosis
- wrote Hippocratic Corpus
- Made the Hippocratic Oath
9
Q
What is the Hippocratic Oath
A
moral basis for medical regulations and guidelines still in use today
10
Q
Describe the Ancient Times in Rome
A
- emphasis on preventive health care
- public health was encouraged
- sewage systems were built
- hospitals built
11
Q
Describe medicine and religion in the Medieval times
A
- Medicine is unsuitable for Christians
- Disease and illness are punishments from God
12
Q
Why was medical progress suspended during the Medieval Times
A
The Fall of the Roman Empire
13
Q
What important work was written in the Medieval Times
A
Canon of Medicine by Avicenna
- combined Indian, Roman, Persian, and Islamic medicine
- explained causes of common diseases
14
Q
When were the Medieval Times
A
500 AD to 1300 AD
15
Q
When was the Renaissance
A
1300 AD to 1600 AD
16
Q
What was the cause of the Black Death
A
unsanitary conditions in Western Europe
17
Q
Describe the renewed interest in Medicine during the Renaissance
A
- Greek and roman medical texts translated
- advances in science and research
- anatomy was studied
18
Q
Who was Andreas Vesalius
A
- studied human body through dissection
- published comprehensive book on anatomy
- spread information with printing press
19
Q
When were medical universities established?
A
- Renaissance
- needed more training to be a physician
20
Q
When were the modern times
A
1600 AD to present
21
Q
What 4 inventions have been made during the modern times
A
- microscope
- thermometer
- stethoscope
- sphygmomanometer
22
Q
What were advances made in during the Modern Times (17th century)
A
- circulatory system
- digestive system
- respiratory system
- surgical procedures
23
Q
What major advancement was made in vaccinations? Who made it?
A
- Edward Jenner founded the smallpox vaccine
- Smallpox was eradicated (by WHO) in 1972
24
Q
What did Louis Pasteur do?
A
- Developed germ theory of disease
- Infectious diseases are caused by germs
- Better understanding of the nature of contagious disease
25
What two vaccinations did Pasteur produce
- anthrax
| - rabies
26
Who is Robert Koch
- researched anthrax and rabies
| - studied micro-organisms and tuberculosis
27
Who are the Fathers of Microbiology
- Pasteur and Koch
28
Who was Florence Nightingale, what did she do?
Founder of Modern Day Nursing
| = improved standards of hygiene and sanitation
29
What did Florence Nightingale do after the war?
- return to England to improve the quality of nursing in military hospitals
- Set foundation of hospital design and nursing
30
What instrument was used in the Korean and Vietnam Wars
MASH (mobile army surgical hospital)
| - helicopter ambulances reduced time required to transport casualties
31
Name technologies attributed to the Apollo moon landing program ( 2)
- nonsurgical alternative to balloon angioplasty
| - CT and MRI
32
Name technologies attributed to the NASA program? (3)
- electron microscope
- nuclear medicine
- life support techniques
33
What are 3 reasons for the growing medical industry?
= innovative medical tech
= aging populations
= longer life expectancy
34
Why was healthcare specialization invented?
To keep up with the advances being made in areas of healthcare
35
What does fragmentation of care result in? (5)
- patient confused
- loss of continuity of care
- conflicting plans of care
- too much or too little medication
- higher health costs
36
What must healthcare providers do to ease patient care during specialization.
- humanize the patients healthcare experience and provide individualized care
37
Due to population aging, what is healthcare focused on?
- wellness and disease prevention
38
What is a holistic approach to healthcare
- treating the whole person rather than the physical body
39
Describe the increase expected for the elderly population (most of whom face chronic conditions)
= Baby Boomer Generation will begin to turn 65 in 2011
= Older population will double from 36 to 72 million between 2003 and 2030
= Older population will increase from 12% to 20% of the population
= By 2050, the population will be 86.7 million
40
What does wellness refer to?
having a balanced diet, exercise, good life plan, and having routine examinations
41
What are complementary therapies?
Alternative therapists that use holistic methods to improve a person's health
- nutrition
- exercise
- relaxation
42
What is homeopathy
a holistic system of healing that focuses on stimulating the body's ability to heal itself by giving small doses of highly diluted substances
43
What is homeopathy based on
The Principle of Similar ("like cures like")
-if a substance that could cause disease symptoms in a healthy person, small amounts may cure a sick person with similar symptoms
44
What is acupuncture?
- needles are inserted through the skin at certain points to treat diseases or relieve pain
45
What is aromatherapy?
- the face and body are massaged with oils made from herbs, flowers, and fruits
- reduce anxiety and muscle tension
46
What are benefits of eastern medicine
restful sleep, boosted immune system, sense of well-being
47
What is chiropractic medicine
use adjustments of body structures to promote healing
48
Differentiate between inpatient and outpatient
- an inpatient stays in an acute care facility for greater than 24 hours
- an outpatient stays in an acute care facility for less than 24 hours
49
what is acute care (hospitals)
care for patients with extremely serious, severe, or painful conditions that require immediate medical attention
50
Who do hospitals care for?
- ill and injured
- require surgery
- require complicated treatments
- pregnancy
51
What is the average length of stay in a hospital now? Why has it decreased?
4. 8 days
| - rise of nontraditional facilities
52
What is a public hospital?
- nonprofit institutions are financed and operated by local, state, or national agencies
53
What is a nonprofit institution
receive tax exemptions and must provide community benefit
54
What is a for-profit institution
do not receive tax exemptions and are not required to provide community benefit
55
What is a private hospital
a for profit or nonprofit institution operated by churches, corporations, charitable organizations
56
What is a subacute care facility
cares for a variety of patients with complex medical and rehabilitative needs
- patient does not need acute care, bu needs complex care
57
What do subacute care facilities bridge the gap between
hospitalization and rehabilitation
58
Compare a hospital to subacute care facility
- subacute facilities are 20-50% less expensive than hospitals
59
What is an extended care facility
- provide health care and help with the activities of daily living to people of any age
- physically and mentally unstable patients
60
Why are extended care facilities growing (3)
- patients are discharged from hospitals earlier in recovery period
- patients require care beyond the scope of home care
- older adults cannot carry out ADL by themselves
61
What is a new concept of extended care?
- aging in place
| - allows patients to remain in own homes as long as they are able to care for themselves
62
What is an independent living facility
group of apartments or houses for residents who can take care of themselves but need some help with daily activities
63
What is an assisted living facility
provides housing, group meals, personal care, support services, and social activities in a community setting.
64
What is home health care?
- care in a patients' home provided through community health departments, visiting nurse's associations, and more
65
What services do Home Health Care agencies provide
- assessment by nurses
- teaching and support of patients/family members
- direct care for patients
66
What are the 3 reasons why Home Health Care agencies are growing
1. health care reimbursement practices encouraging early discharge from hospitals
2. chronic illnesses in elderly population
3. sophisticated technology enabling people to live and be comfortable in their own homes
67
What is a rehabilitation center?
- specializes in services for patients needing physical or emotional rehabilitation or treatment of chemical dependency
68
What is the goal of a rehabilitation center
return patients to the community as independent members of society who are in optimal health
69
What is a mental health facility
independent or associated with hospital
| - provide services for people in crisis or in need of long-term counseling
70
What type of counseling do patients receive in mental health facilities
- outpatient care
- individual and group counseling
- medications
- assistance w. independent living
71
What is hospice
a care program to reduce pain symptoms and stress during the last stages of terminal illness
72
What type of care services are provided for dying persons, families, and loved ones (4)
physical
psychological
social
spiritual
73
What are volunteer agencies funded by
private donations, grants, fundraisers
74
What is an interdisciplinary team
health care professionals with varied medical education, backgrounds, and experiences work together to deliver best possible care
75
What is the typical education for a Laboratory and Pharmacy Professional
- ranges from 1-2 years of specialized training to a bachelors/masters/doctoral degree
76
What do Laboratory and pharmacy professionals do
- clean and maintain equipment
- conduct lab tests
- may specialize
- collect blood samples
- perform pharmacy related functions
77
What do diagnostic and imaging professionals do
- perform ultrasound and imaging tests
| - work in laboratories to perform tests
78
What education do diagnostic and imaging professionals need
1-2 yr specialized training to a bachelors or masters degree
79
What do therapy and rehabilitation professionals do?
- assist patients with work and physical related issues
| - restore health and educate patients -
80
What can professionals in therapy and rehabilitation specialize in
```
occupational
physical
rehabilitation
speech
massage
```
81
Describe the education of therapy and rehabilitation professionals
accreditation to doctoral degree (depends)
82
What do professionals in health information and administration do?
manage medical, billing, insurance, legal, and governmental information
83
Describe the education requirements of health information and administration professionals
1-2 yrs of specialized training to bachelors
| computer skills are necessary
