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Dynamics of Health Care > chapter 18 > Flashcards

chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of regulatory agencies

A

provide safety rules and reuglations for workplaces

- prevent workplace injuries and disease transmissions in health care facilities

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2
Q

What does OSHA stand for

A

occupational safety and health administration

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3
Q

what does OSHA do

A
  • federal agency
    ensure safety of workers with enforcement of health and safety legislation
  • inspect manuals that health care facilities establish practices to keep employees healthy and safe with
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4
Q

what are written safety practices in health care facilities written in (3)

A

policy manual
procedure manual
separate infection control manual

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5
Q

what does the CDC stand for

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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6
Q

What is the CDC

A
  • U.S government agency
  • developed guidelines to prevent widest possible protection against spread of infection
  • tells health care workers to handle all blood, body fluids, mucous membranes, broken skin as if they contained infectious agents
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7
Q

What three things does the CDC try to prevent or provide protection against

A

disease
injury
disability

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8
Q

What are the basic human needs that form the foundation of health care

A

safety and security

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9
Q

How can healthcare workers ensure that an environment is safe and secure

A

keep an awareness of potential hazards for each developmental stage

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10
Q

Name 4 examples of age affecting safety

A
  1. growth and development of an unborn child is harmed by exposure to drugs, alcohol, and smoke
  2. Hazards for children multiply as motor skills develop and environment expands
  3. Adolescents face danger when abusing drugs, alcohol, or engage in high-risk sexual activity
  4. Older adults are at risk from falls due to fragile bones or elder abuse that affects 5% of older adults.
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11
Q

What two factors affect peoples safety

A

physiological
- how peoples body functions
environmental
- conditions in world around them

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12
Q

What physiological systems work together to detect and react to safety issues

A

musculoskeletal

neurological

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13
Q

what is the musculoskeletal system

A

bones, joints, and muscles make up musculoskeletal system

provide movement, support, and protection for the human body

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14
Q

What does a disruption or injury to the musculoskeletal system do

A

affects a person’s mobility

  • -> may affect a person’s ability to respond to hazardous situations
  • -> increase risk of injury
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15
Q

What causes significant changes in musculoskeletal system

A

aging

  • bones and muscles grow weaker
  • bones and muscles become stiff
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16
Q

What is the neurological system

A

consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves

work to regulate body functions and enable humans to process information

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17
Q

What does a properly functioning nervous system allow (4)

A

think clearly
recall past events
imagine solutions
solve problems

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18
Q

what can cause interference with neurological system (4)

A

biochemical/physiological causes
illness
normal aging changes
influence of drugs or alcohol

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19
Q

What does interference with the neurological system lead to (2)

A

interference with judgement

interference with motor control

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20
Q

What is fatigue

A

suffering from extreme weariness or exhaustion

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21
Q

What does fatigue result from

A

physical or mental activity

–> causing poor perception of danger, faulty judgement, inadequate problem solving

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22
Q

What do environmental factors affect (2)

A

health

safety

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23
Q

What is essential for a good home

A
  1. adequate ventilation
  2. maintained heating system
  3. maintained electrical system and appliances
    - home carbon-monitoring detectors
    - smoke detectors
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24
Q

What can natural gas or propane-fueled heating systems lead to

A

carbon oxide poisoning

explosions

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25
Q

Why is there a higher risk of injury in workplaces

A
  • dust
  • chemicals
  • noise
  • heights
  • dangerous machines
  • heavy lifting
  • repetitive motion
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26
Q

What are basic safety precautions in the workplace

A

protective masks
ear plugs
safety goggles
harnesses

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27
Q

how can you decrease equipment related accidents

A

use equipment for its original use

operate FAMILIAR equipment

use 3 prong electric plugs

do not twist or bend electric cords

be alert to signs that indicate faulty equipment

be alert to wet surfaces

implement a process for reporting and addressing problems with equipment

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28
Q

what are negative environmental factors in a community

A 
air pollution 
crime 
hazardous waste sites
dilapidated housing 
low levels of sanitiation
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29
Q

what does a lack of sanitation do

A

spread disease and infection

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30
Q

what does proper sanitation do (3)

A

clean water supply
adequate sewage system
absence of insects and rodents

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31
Q

Describe patient safety relative to environment

A

patients should be familiar with the surroundings

patients should be oriented to layout, safety features, and equipment

patients should know about adjustable bed and side rails, call system, telephone, television, and bathroom

use safety straps and side rails

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32
Q

what does a patient’s identification bracelet do

A

contain information that must be verified by all health care personnel interacting with the patient
- ensures safety

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33
Q

what are patient falls caused by

A

effects of medication
debris on the floor
inappropriately placed equipment

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34
Q

what should health care professionals make sure about equipment

A

it is free from defects

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35
Q

what safety precautions can reduce a health care workers risk of injury (3)

A

good posture
proper body mechanics
ergonomics

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36
Q

what are risks to health care worker safety (3)

A

exposure to pathogens, chemicals, and radiation

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37
Q

what are the most common causes of fires in healthcare facilities (3)

A

careless smoking
faulty electrical equipment
combustion of anesthetic agent

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38
Q

what reduces risk of fires (3)

A

regular servicing of electrical equipment
strict smoking policies
be familiar with fire safety plan

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39
Q

what is RACE

A

fire safety acronym

Rescue anyone in immediate danger

Activate fire code system and notify appropriate person

Confine the fire by closing doors and windows

Evacuate patients and other people to a safe area or extinguish fire

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40
Q

what are the classes of fires

A 
A = ordinary combustibles 
B = flammable liquids 
C = live electrical
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41
Q

What are A extinguishers for

A

have ordinary water

on A fires

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42
Q

What are BC extinguishers

A

are dry chemical or carbon dioxide extinguishers

used for B or C fires

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43
Q

What are ABC fire extinguishers

A

contain material similar to baking soda used in any type of fire

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44
Q

What is PASS

A

directions to operate fire extinguisher

Pull locking pin

Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire

Squeeze the handle

Sweep from side to side

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45
Q

What are precautions to take when working with supplemental oxygen (that promotes combustion)

A

avoid open flames

place no smoking signs

check to see if all electrical equipment is working with no sparks

avoid synthetic fabrics (build up static electricity)

avoid using oils (can ignite in the presence of oxygen)

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46
Q

What are 4 common chemical hazards

A

alcohol, used as disinfectant and is flammable

ethylene oxide, used for sterilization, and is explosive and flammable

housekeeping products, used for cleaning and disinfecting

various gases used as anesthetics or fuels for gas powered equipment (asphyxiating and combustible)

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47
Q

What makes a person a source of radiation

A

radioactive implants or ingestion of radioactive materials

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48
Q

what do healthcare professionals in a radiation facility wear

A

a radiation detection badge

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49
Q

what are three rules for radiation protection

A
  1. minimize time of exposure
  2. maximize distance from source
  3. use appropriate shielding
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50
Q

What is NIOSH

A

national institute for occupational safety and health

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51
Q

what is workplace violence

A

violent acts directed twoards persons at work or on duty

- e.g. assaults

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52
Q

what are 8 work related assaults in healthcare

A
  1. handguns and weapons
    2, increasing use of hospitals by criminal justice system
  2. mentally ill patients
  3. presence of drugs and moneys (robbery targets)
  4. unrestricted movement of the public in clinics and hospitals
  5. long waits leading to frustration in patients
  6. increasing presence of gang members, trauma patients, distraught family members
  7. isolated work with clients
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53
Q

what does an emergency action plan contain, according to OSHA (6)

A
  1. preferred method for reporting fires and other emergencies
  2. evacuation policy and related procedures
  3. emergency escape procedures and route assignments
  4. contact information for people to contact about duties and responsibilities of plan
  5. procedures for employees who remain the facility (e.g operate fire extinguishers)
  6. designated rescue and medical duties for each employee
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54
Q

What two things are not in the OSHA emergency plan but are often included

A

site of alternative communications center to be used in event of fire or explosion

secure onsite or offsite location to store patient records, accounting records, documents, lists

55
Q

What are the prevalent agents that cause infection

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi

56
Q

what 3 things are bacteria categorized by

A

categorized by shape
reaction to gram stain
need for oxygen

57
Q

what is the smallest microorganism

A

virus

visible w. electronic microscope

58
Q

describe medications for viruses

A

when given during incubation period of viruses, the medications can shorten length of illness

59
Q

what are fungi

A

plantlike organisms present in air, soil, water

60
Q

what diseases do fungi cause

A

athletes foot
ringworm
yeast infections

61
Q

what are fungal infections treated with

A

antifungal medications

62
Q

what is an organisms potential to produce disease caused by (4)

A

number of organisms in exposure

virulence of organism (ability to cause disease)

relative strength of individual’s immune system

length and intimacy of contact between person and microorganism

63
Q

what is the chain of infection

A

series of links through which a pathogen spreads from one person to another

64
Q

what are the 5 links of the chain of infection

A 
reservoir 
exit from reservoir 
vehicle of transmission 
portal of entry
susceptible host
65
Q

what is the reservoir

A

person infected with the pathogen
carrier of disease
used as incubator where disease grows and reproduces

66
Q

what is the exit from reservoir

A

carrier passes disease by leaving the reservoir
includes
- mucous membranes
- openings of the gastrointestinal system
- open wound

67
Q

what is vehicle tranmission

A

the way by which pathogen leaves the reservoir and spreads through the environment

includes direct contact or indirect contact

68
Q

what is the portal of entry

A

route by which pathogen enters a potential host

e.g respiratory system, gastrointestinal system

69
Q

what is the susceptible host

A

person to whom the pathogen is eventually transported to

- may become reservoir host if conditions allow for reproduction of pathogen

70
Q

what is a mode of transmission

A

vehicle that spreads the pathogen

71
Q

what is direct tranmission

A

contact btwn reservoir host and susceptible host

72
Q

what is indirect tranmission

A

contact with a vehicle known as a vector

73
Q

what do vectors include

A

contaminated food or water
disease carrying insect
inatimate objects
improperly disinfected medical instruments

74
Q

what 3 groups make up reservoir hosts

A

humans
animals
insects

75
Q

what are the 3 types of human hosts

A
  1. people with infectious disease
  2. those who are carriers
  3. incubate disease without symptoms
76
Q

what are some animal sources

A 
dogs 
cats 
birds
cattle
rodents
animals
77
Q

what insects are vectors

A

ticks and mosquito

feed on blood of infected reservoir and bite susceptible host

78
Q

why are there more disease producing micro-organisms in healthcare settings

A

many ppl suffering from diseases by microorgqanisms come to the healthcare facilities for treatment

79
Q

what are noscomial infections

A

health care associated infections

80
Q

what are the two ways diseases are transmitted

A

air

contact with blood or other bodily fluids (bloodborne)

81
Q

describe an airborne disease

A

spreads from person to person through droplets in the air

  • pathogen is released into air when infected persons sneezes or coughs
  • other person inhales or touches surface with droplets
82
Q

describe a blood borne diseases

A

spread from person to person when infected persons blood or body fluids come into contact with mucous membranes or bloodstream of an uninfected person

83
Q

how are healthcare professionals exposed to blood borne diseases (3)

A

needlesticks or skin punctures
mucous membranes
breaks in the skin

84
Q

what 3 blood borne diseaes pose a great risk to healthcare professionals

A

HIV
hepatitis B
hepatitis C

85
Q

what is HIV

A

virus that slows down immune system
will cause AIDS
get infection and die

86
Q

what is hepatitis

A

causes inflammation of liver
primarily due to virus
B = sexual contact
C = sharing of needles

87
Q

what does prevention of blood borne disase by OSHA require (4)

A
  • description of blood-borne disease, transmission, and symptoms
  • kinds of protective equipment and their locations
  • information about risks of contracting hepatitis B and HBV vaccine
  • facility’s exposure control plan and post-exposure procedures
88
Q

how many carriers for diseases to healthcare workers treat

A

5 unknown carriers

89
Q

what are standard precautions

A

set of procedures recognized by the CDC to reduce the transmission of microorganisms in a health care setting

90
Q

what are 11 standard precautions

A
  1. wash hands properly
  2. use alcohol based rub to decontaminate hands
  3. wear clean non-sterile examination gloves when in contact with fluids
  4. change gloves between procedures
  5. wear PPE
  6. do not sterilize and re-use single items, dispose of them properly
  7. take precautions with needles and sharp instruments
  8. do not recap used needles
  9. dispose of syringes, needles ,adn sharps in puncture-resistant containers
  10. use barrier devices when performing rescue breathing
  11. do not eat or drink in a clinical area
91
Q

what is medical asepsis or clean technique

A

measures taken to control and reduce the number of pathogens present in an area or on an object

92
Q

what does medical asepsis NOT guarantee

A

that an object is free from all microorganisms

93
Q

when should hands be washed (7)

A
  1. before and after patient contact
  2. after contact with blood or body fluids
  3. after contact with contaminated material
  4. after handling specimens
  5. after coughing, sneezing
  6. after using restroom
  7. before and after going to lunch, taking breaks, and leaving
94
Q

what are the three main levels of infection control (From smallest to biggest)

A

cleaning or sanitization
disinfection
sterilization

95
Q

what is cleaning or sanitization

A

use of soap and detergent to clean items and surfaces

96
Q

what does santiization reduce

A

number of microorganisms on a surface

97
Q

how does one do sanitization

A

scrub item with warm soapy water to remove organic matter and other residue
done before sterilization and disinfection

98
Q

what does disinfection involve

A

use of disinfectant agent to destroy pathogens

  • respiratory therapy
  • anesthesia equipment
99
Q

what does disinfection do

A

not destroy all microorganisms and bacterial spores

100
Q

what are antiseptics

A

disinfect wounds or cuts
are bacteriostatic
- inhibit growth of microorganisms but does not kill them

101
Q

what is sterilizaiton

A

all microorganisms including spores are destroyed

- are bactericidal or germicidal

102
Q

in what four conditions are articles sterilized

A
  • steam under pressure in autoclave
  • specific gases (ethylene oxide)
  • dry heat ovens
  • immersion in approved chemical sterilization agent
103
Q

What is PPE

A

gloves
masks
gowns
eye protection

104
Q

what 5 situations NEED gloves

A 
drawing blood specimens
disposing biohazardous waste 
touching contaminated surfaces
handling contaminated equipment
giving injections
105
Q

who sets policies for disposing of hazardous materials

A

federal regulations from
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
OSHA

106
Q

what are small generators

A

medical offices that produce less than 50 pounds of waste per month

107
Q

what are large generators

A

medical offices that produce more than 50 pounds of waste per month

  • need certification of registration from EPA
  • keep records of quantity of waste and disposal procedures
108
Q

name three disposal containers

A

regular waste
sharps waste
biohazard waste

109
Q

what goes in a regular waste container

A

paper
plastic
disposable tray wrappers
packaging material

110
Q

where in nonhazardous liquids discared

A

sink or washbin

111
Q

what is a sharps waste container used for

A 
sharp objects that may puncture or injure someone
- needles
- microscopic slides
- used ampules
- razors 
are puncture resistant
112
Q

what is a biohazard waste container? what goes in them

A

used for waste contaminated with blood or body fluids

  • soiled dressings and bandages
  • soiled examination gloves
  • soiled examination table paper
  • cotton balls and applications used on body
113
Q

how should bags in a waste container be handled

A

when it is 2/3 full, it should be removed from the waste container

the top edges should be brought together and secured by tying it with a twist tie

bag placed in secure and designated area for pick up

114
Q

who picks up waste containers

A

infectious waste service

115
Q

what are common biohazards (4)

A

viruses
bacteria
fungi
toxins

116
Q

what happens if you think a patient is exposed to a biohazard

A

complete incident report or exposure report

- describe how exposure occured

117
Q

what criterion must be met for exposures to a bio hazard to be reported (6)

A
  1. exposure was work related and required medical treatment BEYOND first aid
  2. employee lost consciousness or had to be medically removed
  3. employee lost days at work or transferred
  4. accident involved sharp needle or object contaminated
  5. exposure involved TB and resulted in positive skin test for TB or diagnosis
  6. negative blood test for contagious disease changed to a pos. test after exposure
118
Q

what are the 8 steps of washing hands and disposing of gloves

A
  1. choose appropriate size gloves
  2. remove gloves by grasping glove of nondominant hand at the palm and pull glove away
  3. slide hand out of glove, roll glove into pa;m of gloved dominant hand
  4. holding soiled gloves in palm of gloved hand, slip ungloved fingers under cuff of gloved hand
  5. stretch glove of dominant hand up and away, turn it inside out with first glove balled up inside
  6. both gloves are removed
  7. discard both gloves as one unit into biohazard waste receptacle
  8. wash hands
119
Q

how do you wash hands for medical asepsis

A
  1. remove rings and wristwatch
  2. stand close to sink, do not touch it
  3. turn on faucet to warm water
  4. wet hands and wrists underwater and apply liquid soap, lather at least 10 times
  5. scrub palm of one hand with finger tips of other and vice versa
  6. rinse hands and wrists, hold hands lower than elbow
  7. use orangewood manicure stick to clean under nails
  8. reapply liquid soap and rewash hands and wrists
  9. rinse hands thoroughly again
  10. gently dry with paper towel
  11. use paper towel to turn off faucets and discard towel
120
Q

how is aids spread

A

direct contact with infectious body fluids or contaminiated sharps

121
Q

what is chicken pox and how is it spread

A

varicella

direct contact or driplets

122
Q

how is cholera spread

A

ingestion of contaminiated food or water

123
Q

how is diphtheria spread

A

airborne dirplet, infected carreir

124
Q

how is hepatitis B sread

A

direct contact with infectious body fluid

125
Q

how is influenza spread

A

airborne drople
tinfected carrier
direct contact with contaminated artciles

126
Q

what is measles, how is it spread

A

rubeola

airborne droplet or infected carrier

127
Q

how is meinigitis spread

A

airborne doplet

128
Q

how is mononucleosis spread

A

airborne droplet or infected saliva

129
Q

how is mumps spread

A

airborne droplet, infected carrier, direct contact with materiasl contaminating infectious salivia

130
Q

how is pneumonia sprad

A

airborne droplet or driect contact w infected mucous

131
Q

how is rabies spread

A

direct contact with saliva of infeced animal

132
Q

what is rubella, how is it sread

A

german measles

airborne droplet orinfected carreir

133
Q

how is tetanus spread

A

direct contact w spores or contaminated animal feces

134
Q

how is tuebrculosis sprad

A

airborne droplet or infected carrier

Dynamics of Health Care (21 decks)

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