Chapter 10: Cardio Flashcards
1
Q
heart
A
muscular cone shaped organ the size of a fist, behind the breast bone. R atrium- receives blood from body; L atrium- receives blood from lungs. atrial vs ventricular septum that separates the quadrants
2
Q
atrioventricular valves
A
consists of tricuspid and mitral valves b/w R atrium/ ventricle and L atrium/ ventricle. valves keep blood flowing in one direction
3
Q
semilunar valves
A
pulmonary and aortic valves located b/w R ventricle and pulmonary artery and b/w L ventricle and aorta
4
Q
pericardium
A
2 layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and internal serous layer. internal serous layer has two parts- parietal pericardium (outer) and epicardium (inner). parietal space in the middle facilitates movement
5
Q
epicardium
A
outer lining covering the heart; also a part of the pericardium
6
Q
myocardium
A
middle, thick muscular layer of the heart
7
Q
endocardium
A
inner lining of the heart
8
Q
blood vessels
A
tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
9
Q
arteries
A
blood vessels that carry away from the heart. all arteries w/ the exception of pulmonary artery, carry O2 and nutrients from heart to the body cells. pulmonary arteries carry CO2 and waste from heart to lungs.
10
Q
arterioles
A
smallest arteries
11
Q
aorta
A
largest artery in the body which originates at the left ventricle, briefly ascends as the arch of the aorta, then descends through the thorax and abdomen
12
Q
veins
A
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. all veins w/ the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing CO2 and other waste products. the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
13
Q
venules
A
smallest veins
14
Q
venae cavae
A
largest veins in the body. the inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm, and superior vena cava returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body
15
Q
capillaries
A
microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles w/ venules. materials are passed b/w blood and tissues through the capillary walls
16
Q
blood
A
fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, amd veins made of plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes- platelets)
17
Q
plasma
A
clear, straw colored liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. Plasma is about 90% water/ 10% vitamins, electrolytes. its is 55% of total blood volume
18
Q
serum
A
clear watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed
19
Q
cells (formed elements)
A
production of new blood cells takes place in bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside of some bones
20
Q
erythrocytes
A
red blood cells that carry O2
21
Q
leukocytes
A
white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation. 5 types- neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes, monocytes
22
Q
thrombocytes
A
one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process (platelets)
23
Q
lymph
A
transparent, colorless, tissue. contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a one way direction toward the heart
24
Q
lymphatic vessels
A
transport lymph from body tissues into right and left subclavian veins, which then empty into superior vena cava. lymphatic vessels start as capillaries spreading through the body eventually becoming ducts in the chest.
25
lymph nodes
small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. they may be singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. the nodes filter lymph to keep substances like bacteria and foreign agents from entering the blood. they also contain lymphocytes.
26
spleen
located on the left side of the abdominal cavity between stomach and diaphragm. blood, rather than lymph, flows through the spleen. blood is cleansed of microorganisms in the spleen. it stores blood and destroys worn out RBC.
27
thymus gland
one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. plays role in development of immune system, and shrinks during puberty becoming mostly connective tissue
28
angi/o
vessels; blood vessel
29
aort/o
aorta
30
arteri/o
artery, arteries
31
atri/o
atrium
32
cardi/o
heart
33
cyt/o
cell
34
hem/o
blood
35
hemat/o
blood
36
lymph/o
lymph, lymph tissue
37
lymphaden/o
lymph node
38
my/o
muscle
39
ather/o
yellowish, fatty plaque
40
ech/o
sound
41
electr/o
electricity, electrical activity
42
embol/o
plug
43
erythr/o
red
44
brady-
slow
45
endo-
within
46
intra-
within
47
pan-
all, total
48
-apheresis
removal
49
-ar
pertaining to
50
myel/o
bone marrow
51
phleb/o
vein(s)
52
plasm/o
plasma
53
splen/o
spleen
54
thym/o
thymus gland
55
valvul/o
valve
56
ven/o
vein(s)
57
ventricul/o
ventricle
58
immun/o
immune system
59
isch/o
deficiency, blockage
60
leuk/o
white
61
thromb/o
blood clot
62
peri-
surrounding (outer)
63
poly-
many, much
64
tachy-
fast, rapid
65
-centesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
66
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
67
-emia
in the blood
68
-genic
producing, causing, originating
69
-gram
the record, radiographic image
70
-graphy
the recording, radiographic imaging
71
-ia
diseased or abnormal state, condition of
72
-ic
pertaining to
73
-ism
state of
74
-itis
inflammation
75
-logist
one who studies and treats
76
-logy
study of
77
-lysis
loosening, dissolution, seperating
78
-megaly
enlargement
79
-oma
tumor, swelling
80
-osis
abnormal condition (means increase when used with blood cell word)
81
-ous
pertaining to
82
-pathy
disease
83
-penia
abnormal reduction in number
84
-plasty
surgical repair
85
-rrhage
excessive flow
86
-rrhaphy
suturing, repairing
87
-sclerosis
hardening
88
-scopy
visual examination
89
-stasis
control, stop, standing
90
-stenosis
constriction or narrowing
91
-us
noun suffix, no meaning
92
angioma
tumor composed of blood vessels
93
angiostenosis
narrowing of a blood vessel
94
aortic stenosis
narrowing, pertaining to aorta (narrowing of aortic valve)
95
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
96
atherosclerosis
hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall)
97
bradycardia
condition of a slow heart (rate under 60bpm)
98
cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
99
cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle
100
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (particularly the heart valve)
101
ischemia
deficiency in blood (flow); caused by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel
102
myocarditis
inflammation of the muscle of the heart
103
pericarditis
inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart
104
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
105
polyarteritis
inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries
106
tachycardia
condition of a rapid heart (over 100bpm)
107
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot
108
valvulitis
inflammation of a valve (of the heart)
109
angioplasty
surgical repair of a blood vessel
110
atherectomy
excision of fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and rotary cutter)
111
embolectomy
excision of a plug
112
endarterectomy
excision within the artery
113
pericardiocentesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart
114
phlebectomy
excision of a vein
115
valvuloplasty
surgical repair of a valve
116
angiography
radiographic imaging of blood vessels
117
angioscopy
visual examination of a blood vessel
118
aortogram
radiographic image of the aorta (after injection of contrast media)
119
arteriogram
radiographic image of an artery (after injection of contrast media)
120
venogram
radiographic image of a vein (after an injection of contrast media)
121
echocardiogram (ECHO)
record of the heart using sound
122
electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
record of the electrical activity of the heart
123
electrocardiography
process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
124
cardiologist
physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart
125
cardiology
study of the heart
126
atrioventricular (AV)
pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
127
cardiogenic
originating in the heart
128
intravenous (IV)
pertaining to within the vein
129
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. Rapid assessment is necessary to determine the diagnosis and tx and to minimize heart damage
130
aneurysm
ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
131
angina pectoris
chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
132
arrhythmia
any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal rhythmic pattern
133
cardiac arrest
sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
134
cardiac tamponade
acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
135
coronary artery disease (CAD)
condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient O2 and nutrients to function normally.
136
cor pulmonale
enlargement of the heart's right ventricle due to pulmonary disease
137
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
condition of thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein of the body. most often occurs in the lower extremities. A clot, or part of a clot, can break off and travel to the lungs causing a pulmonary embolism
138
fibrillation
rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles causing cardiac arrhythmia
139
heart failure
condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues/ organs with O2 and nutrients
140
hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure; can be associated with hypertrophy or dilation of the chambers of the heart
141
intermittent claudication
condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun and increases until walking is no longer possible. then completely resolves when patient is at rest. caused by reversible muscle ischemia that occurs with peripheral artery disease
142
mitral valve stenosis
narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by an episode of rheumatic fever
143
myocardial infarction (MI)
death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of O2 resulting from an interrupted blood supply
144
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
disease of the arteries in the arms and legs resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery. this is caused commonly by atherosclerosis, or inflammatory disease/ emboli/ thrombus formation. common symptoms= intermittent claudication
145
rheumatic heart disease
damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever
146
varicose veins
distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities
147
artificial cardiac pacemaker
battery powered apparatus implemented under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm, usually one that is too slow secondary to an abnormal sinus node
148
automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)
device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm. if life threatening arrhythmias occur the device delivers an electric shock to convert the arrhythmia back to a normal rhythm
149
catheter ablation
procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells
150
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
151
coronary stent
supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque
152
femoropopliteal bypass
surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
153
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed. when that balloon is inflated the vessel wall expands allowing blood to flow more freely
154
thrombolytic therapy
injection of a medication either intravenously or intra- arterially to dissolve blood clots. it is often used in emergency departments for acute myocardial infarction
155
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that "subtracts" or removes structures not being studied
156
doppler ultrasound
study that uses high frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermittent claudication, DVT, and other blood flow abnormalities
157
sestamibi test
nuclear medicine test used to dx coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery. Sestamibi, a radioactive isotope, is taken up by normal myocardial cells but not in ischemia or infarction. these areas are called "cold spots"
158
single- photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
nuclear medicine test that collects a series of images as a Gamma camera rotates around the patient. these projections are then used by a computer to generate 3D pictures. it also helps show the function of organs, like coronary artery flow or active and inactive areas of the brain
159
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides more direct views of the heart structures
160
cardiac catheterization
diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease
161
exercise stress test
study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill. electrocardiography is the most common method, but echocardiography and nuclear medicine scanning can also be used to measure cardiac function while exercising
162
blood pressure (BP)
pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. a blood pressure measurement is written as systolic (120) over diastolic (80) in mmHg.
163
pulse
contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip. the pulse is most commonly felt over the radial artery however, the femoral and carotid are options as well
164
sphygmomanometer
device used for measuring blood pressure
165
C- reactive protein (CRP)
blood test to measure the amount of C- reactive protein in the blood, which when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body. it is sometimes used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
166
creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis. the test is useful in evaluating patient with acute MI.
167
lipid profile
blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids in a sample of blood. this test is used to evaluate one of the risks of cardiovascular disease, and to monitor therapy for patients taking lipid- lowering medication
168
troponin
blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme. troponins are released into the blood approx. 3 hrs after necrosis of the heart muscle and may remain elevated from 7-10 days. the test is useful in dx of an MI.
169
bruit
sound heard over an artery during auscultation resulting from vibration in the vessel wall caused by turbulent blood flow. bruits are frequently caused by abnormal narrowing of an artery.
170
hypercholesterolemia
excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
171
hyperlipidemia
excessive amount of any type of fats in the blood. associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
172
hypertension (HTN)
blood pressure that is above normal
173
hypertriglyceridemia
excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood. associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
174
hypotension
blood pressure that is below normal
175
murmur
unusual sound heard during auscultation of the heart caused by turbulent blood flow. it may be "innocent" or it may reflect disease or malformation like an abnormal heart valve
176
occlusion
closing or blockage of a blood vessel or hollow organ
177
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions; may be accompanied by artificial ventilation
178
defibrillation
application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm
179
vasoconstrictor
agent that narrows the diameter of the blood vessels
180
vasodilator
agent that expands the diameter of the blood vessels
181
embolism
state of a plug (blood clot/ foreign material/ fat/ air lodged in blood vessel)
182
embolus
plug (blood clot/ foreign body in the bloodstream that moves until it lodges another point in the circulation)
183
erythrocytopenia
abnormal reduction of RBC (anemia)
184
hematoma
tumor of blood (collection of blood that has leaked out of a broken vessel into surrounding tissue)
185
hemorrhage
excessive flow of blood (bleeding internally/ externally)
186
leukocytopenia
abnormal reduction of WBC (leukopenia)
187
multiple myeloma
tumors of the bone marrow (a blood malignancy that most ofter occurs after 65)
188
pancytopenia
abnormal reduction of all blood cells
189
thrombocytopenia
abnormal reduction of blood clotting cells (platelets)
190
thrombosis
abnormal condition of a blood clot
191
thrombus
blood clot (attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein)
192
hemolysis
dissolution of RBC
193
lymphocytosis
increase in the number of lymphocytes
194
hematologist
physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood
195
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
196
plasmapheresis
removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)
197
phlebotomy
incision into a vein (with needle to remove blood)
198
thrombolysis
dissolution of a blood clot
199
anemia
condition in which there is a reduction in the # of erythrocytes (RBCs). can be caused by decreased production or increased destruction
200
bleeding disorder
disease in which there is an inability to form proper blood clots; ex- hemophilia, von willebrand disease, bleeding factor deficiencies
201
hemophilia
inherited bleeding disorder most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII
202
leukemia
malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes formed in the bone marrow
203
muscular cone shaped organ the size of a fist, behind the breast bone. R atrium- receives blood from body; L atrium- receives blood from lungs. atrial vs ventricular septum that separates the quadrants
heart
204
consists of tricuspid and mitral valves b/w R atrium/ ventricle and L atrium/ ventricle. valves keep blood flowing in one direction
atrioventricular valves
205
pulmonary and aortic valves located b/w R ventricle and pulmonary artery and b/w L ventricle and aorta
semilunar valves
206
2 layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and internal serous layer. internal serous layer has two parts- parietal pericardium (outer) and epicardium (inner). parietal space in the middle facilitates movement
pericardium
207
outer lining covering the heart; also a part of the pericardium
epicardium
208
middle, thick muscular layer of the heart
myocardium
209
inner lining of the heart
endocardium
210
tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
blood vessels
211
blood vessels that carry away from the heart. all arteries w/ the exception of pulmonary artery, carry O2 and nutrients from heart to the body cells. pulmonary arteries carry CO2 and waste from heart to lungs.
arteries
212
smallest arteries
arterioles
213
largest artery in the body which originates at the left ventricle, briefly ascends as the arch of the aorta, then descends through the thorax and abdomen
aorta
214
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. all veins w/ the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing CO2 and other waste products. the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
veins
215
smallest veins
venules
216
largest veins in the body. the inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm, and superior vena cava returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body
venae cavae
217
microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles w/ venules. materials are passed b/w blood and tissues through the capillary walls
capillaries
218
fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, amd veins made of plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes- platelets)
blood
219
clear, straw colored liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. Plasma is about 90% water/ 10% vitamins, electrolytes. its is 55% of total blood volume
plasma
220
clear watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed
serum
221
production of new blood cells takes place in bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside of some bones
cells (formed elements)
222
red blood cells that carry O2
erythrocytes
223
white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation. 5 types- neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes, monocytes
leukocytes
224
one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process (platelets)
thrombocytes
225
transparent, colorless, tissue. contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a one way direction toward the heart
lymph
226
transport lymph from body tissues into right and left subclavian veins, which then empty into superior vena cava. lymphatic vessels start as capillaries spreading through the body eventually becoming ducts in the chest.
lymphatic vessels
227
small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. they may be singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. the nodes filter lymph to keep substances like bacteria and foreign agents from entering the blood. they also contain lymphocytes.
lymph nodes
228
located on the left side of the abdominal cavity between stomach and diaphragm. blood, rather than lymph, flows through the spleen. blood is cleansed of microorganisms in the spleen. it stores blood and destroys worn out RBC.
spleen
229
one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. plays role in development of immune system, and shrinks during puberty becoming mostly connective tissue
thymus gland
230
vessels; blood vessel
angi/o
231
aorta
aort/o
232
artery, arteries
arteri/o
233
atrium
atri/o
234
heart
cardi/o
235
cell
cyt/o
236
blood
hem/o
237
blood
hemat/o
238
lymph, lymph tissue
lymph/o
239
lymph node
lymphaden/o
240
muscle
my/o
241
yellowish, fatty plaque
ather/o
242
sound
ech/o
243
electricity, electrical activity
electr/o
244
plug
embol/o
245
red
erythr/o
246
slow
brady-
247
within
endo-
248
within
intra-
249
all, total
pan-
250
removal
-apheresis
251
pertaining to
-ar
252
bone marrow
myel/o
253
vein(s)
phleb/o
254
plasma
plasm/o
255
spleen
splen/o
256
thymus gland
thym/o
257
valve
valvul/o
258
vein(s)
ven/o
259
ventricle
ventricul/o
260
immune system
immun/o
261
deficiency, blockage
isch/o
262
white
leuk/o
263
blood clot
thromb/o
264
surrounding (outer)
peri-
265
many, much
poly-
266
fast, rapid
tachy-
267
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
-centesis
268
excision, surgical removal
-ectomy
269
in the blood
-emia
270
producing, causing, originating
-genic
271
the record, radiographic image
-gram
272
the recording, radiographic imaging
-graphy
273
diseased or abnormal state, condition of
-ia
274
pertaining to
-ic
275
state of
-ism
276
inflammation
-itis
277
one who studies and treats
-logist
278
study of
-logy
279
loosening, dissolution, seperating
-lysis
280
enlargement
-megaly
281
tumor, swelling
-oma
282
abnormal condition (means increase when used with blood cell word)
-osis
283
pertaining to
-ous
284
disease
-pathy
285
abnormal reduction in number
-penia
286
surgical repair
-plasty
287
excessive flow
-rrhage
288
suturing, repairing
-rrhaphy
289
hardening
-sclerosis
290
visual examination
-scopy
291
control, stop, standing
-stasis
292
constriction or narrowing
-stenosis
293
noun suffix, no meaning
-us
294
tumor composed of blood vessels
angioma
295
narrowing of a blood vessel
angiostenosis
296
narrowing, pertaining to aorta (narrowing of aortic valve)
aortic stenosis
297
hardening of the arteries
arteriosclerosis
298
hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall)
atherosclerosis
299
condition of a slow heart (rate under 60bpm)
bradycardia
300
enlargement of the heart
cardiomegaly
301
disease of the heart muscle
cardiomyopathy
302
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (particularly the heart valve)
endocarditis
303
deficiency in blood (flow); caused by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel
ischemia
304
inflammation of the muscle of the heart
myocarditis
305
inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart
pericarditis
306
inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
307
inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries
polyarteritis
308
condition of a rapid heart (over 100bpm)
tachycardia
309
inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot
thrombophlebitis
310
inflammation of a valve (of the heart)
valvulitis
311
surgical repair of a blood vessel
angioplasty
312
excision of fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and rotary cutter)
atherectomy
313
excision of a plug
embolectomy
314
excision within the artery
endarterectomy
315
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart
pericardiocentesis
316
excision of a vein
phlebectomy
317
surgical repair of a valve
valvuloplasty
318
radiographic imaging of blood vessels
angiography
319
visual examination of a blood vessel
angioscopy
320
radiographic image of the aorta (after injection of contrast media)
aortogram
321
radiographic image of an artery (after injection of contrast media)
arteriogram
322
radiographic image of a vein (after an injection of contrast media)
venogram
323
record of the heart using sound
echocardiogram (ECHO)
324
record of the electrical activity of the heart
electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
325
process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
electrocardiography
326
physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart
cardiologist
327
study of the heart
cardiology
328
pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
atrioventricular (AV)
329
originating in the heart
cardiogenic
330
pertaining to within the vein
intravenous (IV)
331
sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. Rapid assessment is necessary to determine the diagnosis and tx and to minimize heart damage
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
332
ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
aneurysm
333
chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
angina pectoris
334
any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal rhythmic pattern
arrhythmia
335
sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
cardiac arrest
336
acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
cardiac tamponade
337
condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient O2 and nutrients to function normally.
coronary artery disease (CAD)
338
enlargement of the heart's right ventricle due to pulmonary disease
cor pulmonale
339
condition of thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein of the body. most often occurs in the lower extremities. A clot, or part of a clot, can break off and travel to the lungs causing a pulmonary embolism
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
340
rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles causing cardiac arrhythmia
fibrillation
341
condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues/ organs with O2 and nutrients
heart failure
342
disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure; can be associated with hypertrophy or dilation of the chambers of the heart
hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
343
condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun and increases until walking is no longer possible. then completely resolves when patient is at rest. caused by reversible muscle ischemia that occurs with peripheral artery disease
intermittent claudication
344
narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by an episode of rheumatic fever
mitral valve stenosis
345
death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of O2 resulting from an interrupted blood supply
myocardial infarction (MI)
346
disease of the arteries in the arms and legs resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery. this is caused commonly by atherosclerosis, or inflammatory disease/ emboli/ thrombus formation. common symptoms= intermittent claudication
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
347
damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever
rheumatic heart disease
348
distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities
varicose veins
349
battery powered apparatus implemented under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm, usually one that is too slow secondary to an abnormal sinus node
artificial cardiac pacemaker
350
device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm. if life threatening arrhythmias occur the device delivers an electric shock to convert the arrhythmia back to a normal rhythm
automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)
351
procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells
catheter ablation
352
surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
353
supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque
coronary stent
354
surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
femoropopliteal bypass
355
procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed. when that balloon is inflated the vessel wall expands allowing blood to flow more freely
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
356
injection of a medication either intravenously or intra- arterially to dissolve blood clots. it is often used in emergency departments for acute myocardial infarction
thrombolytic therapy
357
process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that "subtracts" or removes structures not being studied
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
358
study that uses high frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermittent claudication, DVT, and other blood flow abnormalities
doppler ultrasound
359
nuclear medicine test used to dx coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery. Sestamibi, a radioactive isotope, is taken up by normal myocardial cells but not in ischemia or infarction. these areas are called "cold spots"
sestamibi test
360
nuclear medicine test that collects a series of images as a Gamma camera rotates around the patient. these projections are then used by a computer to generate 3D pictures. it also helps show the function of organs, like coronary artery flow or active and inactive areas of the brain
single- photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
361
ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides more direct views of the heart structures
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
362
diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease
cardiac catheterization
363
study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill. electrocardiography is the most common method, but echocardiography and nuclear medicine scanning can also be used to measure cardiac function while exercising
exercise stress test
364
pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. a blood pressure measurement is written as systolic (120) over diastolic (80) in mmHg.
blood pressure (BP)
365
contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip. the pulse is most commonly felt over the radial artery however, the femoral and carotid are options as well
pulse
366
device used for measuring blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
367
blood test to measure the amount of C- reactive protein in the blood, which when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body. it is sometimes used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
C- reactive protein (CRP)
368
blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis. the test is useful in evaluating patient with acute MI.
creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
369
blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids in a sample of blood. this test is used to evaluate one of the risks of cardiovascular disease, and to monitor therapy for patients taking lipid- lowering medication
lipid profile
370
blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme. troponins are released into the blood approx. 3 hrs after necrosis of the heart muscle and may remain elevated from 7-10 days. the test is useful in dx of an MI.
troponin
371
sound heard over an artery during auscultation resulting from vibration in the vessel wall caused by turbulent blood flow. bruits are frequently caused by abnormal narrowing of an artery.
bruit
372
excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
hypercholesterolemia
373
excessive amount of any type of fats in the blood. associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
hyperlipidemia
374
blood pressure that is above normal
hypertension (HTN)
375
excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood. associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
hypertriglyceridemia
376
blood pressure that is below normal
hypotension
377
unusual sound heard during auscultation of the heart caused by turbulent blood flow. it may be "innocent" or it may reflect disease or malformation like an abnormal heart valve
murmur
378
closing or blockage of a blood vessel or hollow organ
occlusion
379
emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions; may be accompanied by artificial ventilation
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
380
application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm
defibrillation
381
agent that narrows the diameter of the blood vessels
vasoconstrictor
382
agent that expands the diameter of the blood vessels
vasodilator
383
state of a plug (blood clot/ foreign material/ fat/ air lodged in blood vessel)
embolism
384
plug (blood clot/ foreign body in the bloodstream that moves until it lodges another point in the circulation)
embolus
385
abnormal reduction of RBC (anemia)
erythrocytopenia
386
tumor of blood (collection of blood that has leaked out of a broken vessel into surrounding tissue)
hematoma
387
excessive flow of blood (bleeding internally/ externally)
hemorrhage
388
abnormal reduction of WBC (leukopenia)
leukocytopenia
389
tumors of the bone marrow (a blood malignancy that most ofter occurs after 65)
multiple myeloma
390
abnormal reduction of all blood cells
pancytopenia
391
abnormal reduction of blood clotting cells (platelets)
thrombocytopenia
392
abnormal condition of a blood clot
thrombosis
393
blood clot (attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein)
thrombus
394
dissolution of RBC
hemolysis
395
increase in the number of lymphocytes
lymphocytosis
396
physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood
hematologist
397
stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis
398
removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)
plasmapheresis
399
incision into a vein (with needle to remove blood)
phlebotomy
400
dissolution of a blood clot
thrombolysis
401
condition in which there is a reduction in the # of erythrocytes (RBCs). can be caused by decreased production or increased destruction
anemia
402
disease in which there is an inability to form proper blood clots; ex- hemophilia, von willebrand disease, bleeding factor deficiencies
bleeding disorder
403
inherited bleeding disorder most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII
hemophilia
404
malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes formed in the bone marrow
leukemia
