Chapter 11: Digestive System Flashcards
(518 cards)
1
Q
mouth
A
opening through which food passes into the body; breaks food into small pieces by mastication and mixing with saliva
2
Q
tongue
A
consists mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. it provides movement of food for mastication. directs food to the pharynx for swallowing and is a major organ for taste and speech
3
Q
palate
A
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
4
Q
soft palate
A
posterior portion not supported by bone
5
Q
hard palate
A
anterior portion supported by bone
6
Q
uvula
A
soft V- shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat
7
Q
pharynx
A
performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus
8
Q
esophagus
A
10inch tube that is a passageway for food extending from the pharynx to the stomach. peristalsis- involuntary wave like contractions the move food through the GI tract
9
Q
stomach
A
J- shaped sac that mixes and stores food. it secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones that act locally to control digestive system functions
10
Q
cardia
A
area around the opening of the stomach
11
Q
fundus
A
proximal domed portion of the stomach
12
Q
body
A
central portion of the stomach, distal to the fundus
13
Q
antrum
A
distal portion of the stomach
14
Q
pylorus
A
portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
15
Q
pyloric sphincter
A
ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
16
Q
small intestine
A
20ft tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. digestion is completed in the small intestine. absorption, the passage of the nutrients from small intestine to bloodstream (happens in the villi of small intestines)
17
Q
duodenum
A
first 10-12 inches of the small intestine
18
Q
jejunum
A
second portion of the small intestine, about 8ft long
19
Q
ileum
A
3rd portion of the small intestine, approx. 11ft long which connects with the large intestine
20
Q
large intestine
A
approx. 5ft long tube that extends from the ileum to the anus. absorption of water and transit of the solid waste products of digestion take place in the large intestine
21
Q
cecum
A
U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine
22
Q
colon
A
main portion of the large intestine. the colon is divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
23
Q
rectum
A
distal portion of the large intestine, approx. 8-10in. long extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus
24
Q
anus
A
sphincter muscle at the end of the gastrointestinal tract. provides for elimination of solid waste products of digestion
25
salivary glands
produce saliva which flows into the mouth
26
liver
produce bile which is necessary for digestion of fats. the liver performs many other function concerned with digestion and metabolism
27
billary duct
organs and ducts that transport, store, release bile
28
bile ducts
passageways that carry bile. the hepatic duct collects bile formed in the liver. the cystic duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder for storage
29
common bile duct
small tubelike structures where the hepatic duct and cystic duct join; conveys bile to the duodenum to aid in the breakdown of fats
30
gallbladder
small, saclike structure that stores bile produced by the liver
31
pancreas
produces pancreatic juice which helps digest all types of food; secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism
32
peritoneum
serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
33
appendix
small pouch, which has no known function in digestion attached to the cecum (also called vermiform appendix)
34
abdomen
portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis
35
an/o
anus
36
antr/o
antrum
37
cec/o
cecum
38
col/o
colon
39
colon/o
colon
40
duoden/o
duodenum
41
enter/o
intestines (usually small insten.)
42
esophag/o
esophagus
43
gastr/o
stomach
44
ile/o
ileum
45
jejun/o
jejunum
46
or/o
mouth
47
proct/o
rectum
48
rect/o
rectum
49
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
50
stomat/o
mouth
51
abdomin/o
abdomen, abdominal cavity
52
append/o
appendix
53
appendic/o
appendix
54
celi/o
abdomen, abdominal cavity
55
cheil/o
lips
56
cholangi/o
bile ducts
57
chol/e
gall, bile
58
choledoch/o
common bile duct
59
cyst/o
bladder, sac
60
diverticul/o
diverticulum (pouch extending from a hollow organ)
61
gingiv/o
gum(s)
62
gloss/o
tongue
63
hepat/o
liver
64
herni/o
hernia
65
lapar/o
abdominal, abdominal cavity
66
lith/o
stones, calculus
67
lingu/o
tongue
68
nas/o
nose
69
palat/o
palate
70
pancreat/o
pancreas
71
peritone/o
peritoneum
72
pharyng/o
pharynx
73
polyp/o
polyp, small growth
74
pylor/o
pylorus, pyloric sphincter
75
sial/o
saliva, salivary glands
76
steat/o
fat
77
uvul/o
uvula
78
a-
absence of, without
79
dys-
difficult, labored
80
hemi-
half
81
-ac
pertaining to
82
-al
pertaining to
83
-cele
hernia, protrusion
84
-centesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
85
-eal
pertaining to
86
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
87
-gram
the record, radiographic image
88
-graphy
process of recording
89
-iasis
condition
90
-ia
diseased or abnormal state, condition of
91
-ic
pertaining to
92
-itis
inflammation
93
-lith
stones
94
-logist
one who studies and treats
95
-logy
study of
96
-megaly
enlargement
97
-oma
tumor
98
-osis
abnormal condition
99
-pathy
disease
100
-pepsia
digestion
101
-plasty
surgical repair
102
-rrhaphy
suturing, repairing
103
-rrhea
flow, discharge
104
-scope
instrument used for visual examination
105
-scopy
visual examination
106
-stomy
creation of artificial opening
107
-tomy
cut into, incision
108
-y
noun suffix, no meaning
109
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
110
cheilitis
inflammation of the lips
111
cholangioma
tumour of the bile duct
112
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
113
choledocholithiasis
condition of stones in the common bile duct
114
cholelithiasis
condition of gallstones
115
colitis
inflammation of the colon
116
diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticulum
117
diverticulosis
abnormal condition of having diverticula
118
dysentery
painful intestines
119
enteritis
inflammation of the intestines
120
enteropathy
disease of the intestines
121
esophagitis
inflammation of the esophagus
122
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
123
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines
124
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
125
glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
126
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
127
hepatoma
tumor of the liver
128
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
129
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
130
polyposis
abnormal condition of multiple polys in the mucous membrane of the intestine, especially the colon
131
proctitis
inflammation of the rectum
132
rectocele
hernia of the rectum
133
sialolith
stone in the salivary gland
134
steatohepatitis
inflammation of the liver associated with excess fat; caused by alcohol abuse, obesity. can lead to cirrhosis over time
135
stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth
136
uvulitis
inflammation of the uvula
137
adhesion
abnormal growing together of 2 peritoneal surfaces that normally are seperated. may occur after abdominal surgery
138
celiac disease (gluten enteropathy)
malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten which can damage the small intestine which is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream. symptoms: abdominal bloating/ pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, etc
139
cirrhosis
chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly cause: alcoholism, some types of viral hepatitis
140
crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulceration and formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction
141
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and the gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus
142
hemochromatosis
iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from the food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue
143
hemorrhoids
swollen or detached veins in the rectum or anus which are called internal or external and can be a source of rectal bleeding and pain
144
ileus
nonmechanical obstruction of the intestine caused by lack of effective peristalsis
145
intussusception
prolapse of one part of the intestine inside the part next to it. it is most common in infants. symptoms include intestinal blockage, abdominal pain, lump that you can feel from the outside
146
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
periodic disturbances of bowel function like diarrhea and/ or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain
147
obesity
excess of body fat which increases body weight; a condition in which body mass index is greater than 30kg/m2
148
peptic ulcer
erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection, or medications like NSAIDS
149
polyp
tumorlike growth extending from a mucous membrane; usually benign. common sites are nose, throat, intestines
150
ulcerative colitis (UC)
disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers, which can cause bloody diarrhea. a proctocolectomy with permanent ileostomy may become necessary if the patient doesnt respond to medical therapy
151
volvulus
twisting or kinking of the intestine causing intestinal obstruction
152
abdominocentesis
procedure to aspirate fluid from abdominal cavity
153
abdominoplasty
surgical repair of the abdomen
154
anoplasty
surgical repair of the anus
155
antrectomy
excision of the antrum
156
appendectomy
excision of the appendix
157
cheiloplasty
surgical repair of the lips
158
cholecystectomy
excision of the gallbladder
159
choledocholithotomy
incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone
160
colectomy
excision of the colon
161
colostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the colon
162
diverticulectomy
excision of a diverticulum
163
enterorrhaphy
suturing of the small intestine
164
esophagogastroplasty
surgical repair of the esophagus and the stomach
165
gastrectomy
excision of the stomach
166
gastrojejunostomy
creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and jejunum
167
gastroplasty
surgical repair of the stomach
168
gastrostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the stomach
169
gingivectomy
surgical removal of gum (tissue)
170
glossorrhaphy
suturing of the tongue
171
hemicolectomy
excision of half of the colon
172
herniorrhaphy
suturing of a hernia (for repair)
173
ileostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the ileum (through the abdominal wall; used for passage of stool)
174
laparotomy
incision into the abdominal cavity
175
palatoplasty
surgical repair of the palate
176
pancreatectomy
excision of the pancreas
177
polypectomy
excision of a polyp
178
pyloroplasty
surgical repair of the pylorus
179
uvulectomy
excision of the uvula
180
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)
surgical repair of the uvula, palate, and pharynx (to correct sleep apnea)
181
abdominoperineal resection (APR)
removal of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter through both abdominal and perineal approaches, performed to treat colorectal cancers and inflammatory diseases of the lower large intestine
182
anastomosis
connection created by surgically joining 2 structures like blood vessels or bowel segments
183
bariatric surgery
surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity,
184
hemorrhoidectomy
excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the lower rectum and anus
185
vagotomy
cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers
186
cholangiogram
radiographic image of the bile ducts
187
cholangiography
radiographic imaging of the bile ducts
188
CT colonography
radiographic imaging of the colon
189
esophagogram
radiographic image of the esophagus
190
capsule endoscopy
(capsule) visual examination within (a hollow organ); also called camera endoscopy
191
colonoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the colon
192
colonoscopy
visual examination of the colon
193
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
194
esophagoscopy
visual examination of the esophagus
195
gastroscope
instrument used for visual examination
196
gastroscopy
visual examination of the stomach
197
laparoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the abdominal cavity
198
laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity
199
proctoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the rectum
200
proctoscopy
visual examination of the rectum
201
sigmoidoscopy
visual examination of the sigmoid colon
202
abdominal sonography
ultrasound scanning of the abdominal cavity in which the size and structure of organs like the aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas can be visualized
203
barium enema (BE)
series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally
204
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
procedure using an endoscope to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts, introduce contrast agents and record the xray images; used to evaluate obstructions and disease of liver and pancreas
205
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of the esophageal and gastric linings as well as walls of the small and large intestines; used to detects tumors and cystic growths and for staging of malignant tumors
206
upper GI series
series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been administered orally
207
fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
examination of a stool sample to detect blood not directly visible. occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be detected by chemical testing or by microscope. test that screens for colon cancer or polyps
208
helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) stool antigen
chemical test on a fecal sample to determine the presence of the bacteria that can cause peptic ulcers
209
aphagia
without swallowing (inability to)
210
dyspepsia
difficult digestion
211
dysphagia
difficult swallowing
212
hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver
213
steatorrhea
discharge of fat (excessive amount of fat in the stool)
214
steatosis
abnormal condition of fat
215
gastroenterologist
physician who studies and treats diseases of the stomach and intestines
216
anal
pertaining to the anus
217
celiac
pertaining to the abdomen
218
colorectal
pertaining to the colon and rectum
219
duodenal
pertaining to the duodenum
220
esophageal
pertaining to the esophagus
221
ileocecal
pertaining to the ileum and cecum
222
gastroenterology
study of the stomach and intestines
223
nasogastric
pertaining to the nose and stomach
224
oral
pertaining to the mouth
225
palatal
pertaining to the palate
226
pancreatic
pertaining to the pancreas
227
peritoneal
pertaining to the peritoneum
228
rectal
pertaining to the rectum
229
sublingual
pertaining to under the tongue
230
ascites
abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
231
diarrhea
frequent discharge of liquid stool
232
emesis
expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth
233
flatus
gas in the gastrointestinal tract or expelled through the anus
234
hematemesis
vomiting of blood
235
hematochezia
passage of visibility bloody feces
236
malabsorption
impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients
237
melena
black, tarry stool that contains digested blood; usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract
238
nausea
urge to vomit
239
reflux
abnormal backward flow. in esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus
240
gastric lavage
washing out of the stomach
241
feces
waste from the gastrointestinal tract expelled through the anus
242
palpate
to examine by hand; to feel
243
stoma
surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body, such as the opening established in the abdominal wall by colostomy, ileostomy, or similar operation.
244
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
245
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
246
UC
ulcerative colitis
247
BE
barium enema
248
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
249
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
250
APR
abdominoperineal resection
251
PEG
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
252
GI
gastrointestinal
253
H. Pylori
helicobacter pylori
254
EUS
endoscopic ultrasound
255
FIT
fecal immunochemical test
256
FOBT
fecal occult blood test
257
UPPP
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
258
UGI
upper gastrointestinal
259
N&V
nausea and vomiting
260
opening through which food passes into the body; breaks food into small pieces by mastication and mixing with saliva
mouth
261
consists mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. it provides movement of food for mastication. directs food to the pharynx for swallowing and is a major organ for taste and speech
tongue
262
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
palate
263
posterior portion not supported by bone
soft palate
264
anterior portion supported by bone
hard palate
265
soft V- shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat
uvula
266
performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus
pharynx
267
10inch tube that is a passageway for food extending from the pharynx to the stomach. peristalsis- involuntary wave like contractions the move food through the GI tract
esophagus
268
J- shaped sac that mixes and stores food. it secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones that act locally to control digestive system functions
stomach
269
area around the opening of the stomach
cardia
270
proximal domed portion of the stomach
fundus
271
central portion of the stomach, distal to the fundus
body
272
distal portion of the stomach
antrum
273
portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
pylorus
274
ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
pyloric sphincter
275
20ft tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. digestion is completed in the small intestine. absorption, the passage of the nutrients from small intestine to bloodstream (happens in the villi of small intestines)
small intestine
276
first 10-12 inches of the small intestine
duodenum
277
second portion of the small intestine, about 8ft long
jejunum
278
3rd portion of the small intestine, approx. 11ft long which connects with the large intestine
ileum
279
approx. 5ft long tube that extends from the ileum to the anus. absorption of water and transit of the solid waste products of digestion take place in the large intestine
large intestine
280
U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine
cecum
281
main portion of the large intestine. the colon is divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
colon
282
distal portion of the large intestine, approx. 8-10in. long extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus
rectum
283
sphincter muscle at the end of the gastrointestinal tract. provides for elimination of solid waste products of digestion
anus
284
produce saliva which flows into the mouth
salivary glands
285
produce bile which is necessary for digestion of fats. the liver performs many other function concerned with digestion and metabolism
liver
286
organs and ducts that transport, store, release bile
billary duct
287
passageways that carry bile. the hepatic duct collects bile formed in the liver. the cystic duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder for storage
bile ducts
288
small tubelike structures where the hepatic duct and cystic duct join; conveys bile to the duodenum to aid in the breakdown of fats
common bile duct
289
small, saclike structure that stores bile produced by the liver
gallbladder
290
produces pancreatic juice which helps digest all types of food; secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism
pancreas
291
serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
peritoneum
292
small pouch, which has no known function in digestion attached to the cecum (also called vermiform appendix)
appendix
293
portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis
abdomen
294
anus
an/o
295
antrum
antr/o
296
cecum
cec/o
297
colon
col/o
298
colon
colon/o
299
duodenum
duoden/o
300
intestines (usually small insten.)
enter/o
301
esophagus
esophag/o
302
stomach
gastr/o
303
ileum
ile/o
304
jejunum
jejun/o
305
mouth
or/o
306
rectum
proct/o
307
rectum
rect/o
308
sigmoid colon
sigmoid/o
309
mouth
stomat/o
310
abdomen, abdominal cavity
abdomin/o
311
appendix
append/o
312
appendix
appendic/o
313
abdomen, abdominal cavity
celi/o
314
lips
cheil/o
315
bile ducts
cholangi/o
316
gall, bile
chol/e
317
common bile duct
choledoch/o
318
bladder, sac
cyst/o
319
diverticulum (pouch extending from a hollow organ)
diverticul/o
320
gum(s)
gingiv/o
321
tongue
gloss/o
322
liver
hepat/o
323
hernia
herni/o
324
abdominal, abdominal cavity
lapar/o
325
stones, calculus
lith/o
326
tongue
lingu/o
327
nose
nas/o
328
palate
palat/o
329
pancreas
pancreat/o
330
peritoneum
peritone/o
331
pharynx
pharyng/o
332
polyp, small growth
polyp/o
333
pylorus, pyloric sphincter
pylor/o
334
saliva, salivary glands
sial/o
335
fat
steat/o
336
uvula
uvul/o
337
absence of, without
a-
338
difficult, labored
dys-
339
half
hemi-
340
pertaining to
-ac
341
pertaining to
-al
342
hernia, protrusion
-cele
343
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
-centesis
344
pertaining to
-eal
345
excision, surgical removal
-ectomy
346
the record, radiographic image
-gram
347
process of recording
-graphy
348
condition
-iasis
349
diseased or abnormal state, condition of
-ia
350
pertaining to
-ic
351
inflammation
-itis
352
stones
-lith
353
one who studies and treats
-logist
354
study of
-logy
355
enlargement
-megaly
356
tumor
-oma
357
abnormal condition
-osis
358
disease
-pathy
359
digestion
-pepsia
360
surgical repair
-plasty
361
suturing, repairing
-rrhaphy
362
flow, discharge
-rrhea
363
instrument used for visual examination
-scope
364
visual examination
-scopy
365
creation of artificial opening
-stomy
366
cut into, incision
-tomy
367
noun suffix, no meaning
-y
368
inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
369
inflammation of the lips
cheilitis
370
tumour of the bile duct
cholangioma
371
inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
372
condition of stones in the common bile duct
choledocholithiasis
373
condition of gallstones
cholelithiasis
374
inflammation of the colon
colitis
375
inflammation of the diverticulum
diverticulitis
376
abnormal condition of having diverticula
diverticulosis
377
painful intestines
dysentery
378
inflammation of the intestines
enteritis
379
disease of the intestines
enteropathy
380
inflammation of the esophagus
esophagitis
381
inflammation of the stomach
gastritis
382
inflammation of the stomach and intestines
gastroenteritis
383
inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
384
inflammation of the tongue
glossitis
385
inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
386
tumor of the liver
hepatoma
387
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
388
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
389
abnormal condition of multiple polys in the mucous membrane of the intestine, especially the colon
polyposis
390
inflammation of the rectum
proctitis
391
hernia of the rectum
rectocele
392
stone in the salivary gland
sialolith
393
inflammation of the liver associated with excess fat; caused by alcohol abuse, obesity. can lead to cirrhosis over time
steatohepatitis
394
inflammation of the mouth
stomatitis
395
inflammation of the uvula
uvulitis
396
abnormal growing together of 2 peritoneal surfaces that normally are seperated. may occur after abdominal surgery
adhesion
397
malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten which can damage the small intestine which is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream. symptoms: abdominal bloating/ pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, etc
celiac disease (gluten enteropathy)
398
chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly cause: alcoholism, some types of viral hepatitis
cirrhosis
399
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulceration and formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction
crohn disease
400
abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and the gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
401
iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from the food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue
hemochromatosis
402
swollen or detached veins in the rectum or anus which are called internal or external and can be a source of rectal bleeding and pain
hemorrhoids
403
nonmechanical obstruction of the intestine caused by lack of effective peristalsis
ileus
404
prolapse of one part of the intestine inside the part next to it. it is most common in infants. symptoms include intestinal blockage, abdominal pain, lump that you can feel from the outside
intussusception
405
periodic disturbances of bowel function like diarrhea and/ or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
406
excess of body fat which increases body weight; a condition in which body mass index is greater than 30kg/m2
obesity
407
erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection, or medications like NSAIDS
peptic ulcer
408
tumorlike growth extending from a mucous membrane; usually benign. common sites are nose, throat, intestines
polyp
409
disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers, which can cause bloody diarrhea. a proctocolectomy with permanent ileostomy may become necessary if the patient doesnt respond to medical therapy
ulcerative colitis (UC)
410
twisting or kinking of the intestine causing intestinal obstruction
volvulus
411
procedure to aspirate fluid from abdominal cavity
abdominocentesis
412
surgical repair of the abdomen
abdominoplasty
413
surgical repair of the anus
anoplasty
414
excision of the antrum
antrectomy
415
excision of the appendix
appendectomy
416
surgical repair of the lips
cheiloplasty
417
excision of the gallbladder
cholecystectomy
418
incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone
choledocholithotomy
419
excision of the colon
colectomy
420
creation of an artificial opening into the colon
colostomy
421
excision of a diverticulum
diverticulectomy
422
suturing of the small intestine
enterorrhaphy
423
surgical repair of the esophagus and the stomach
esophagogastroplasty
424
excision of the stomach
gastrectomy
425
creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and jejunum
gastrojejunostomy
426
surgical repair of the stomach
gastroplasty
427
creation of an artificial opening into the stomach
gastrostomy
428
surgical removal of gum (tissue)
gingivectomy
429
suturing of the tongue
glossorrhaphy
430
excision of half of the colon
hemicolectomy
431
suturing of a hernia (for repair)
herniorrhaphy
432
creation of an artificial opening into the ileum (through the abdominal wall; used for passage of stool)
ileostomy
433
incision into the abdominal cavity
laparotomy
434
surgical repair of the palate
palatoplasty
435
excision of the pancreas
pancreatectomy
436
excision of a polyp
polypectomy
437
surgical repair of the pylorus
pyloroplasty
438
excision of the uvula
uvulectomy
439
surgical repair of the uvula, palate, and pharynx (to correct sleep apnea)
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)
440
removal of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter through both abdominal and perineal approaches, performed to treat colorectal cancers and inflammatory diseases of the lower large intestine
abdominoperineal resection (APR)
441
connection created by surgically joining 2 structures like blood vessels or bowel segments
anastomosis
442
surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity,
bariatric surgery
443
excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the lower rectum and anus
hemorrhoidectomy
444
cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers
vagotomy
445
radiographic image of the bile ducts
cholangiogram
446
radiographic imaging of the bile ducts
cholangiography
447
radiographic imaging of the colon
CT colonography
448
radiographic image of the esophagus
esophagogram
449
(capsule) visual examination within (a hollow organ); also called camera endoscopy
capsule endoscopy
450
instrument used for visual examination of the colon
colonoscope
451
visual examination of the colon
colonoscopy
452
visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
453
visual examination of the esophagus
esophagoscopy
454
instrument used for visual examination
gastroscope
455
visual examination of the stomach
gastroscopy
456
instrument used for visual examination of the abdominal cavity
laparoscope
457
visual examination of the abdominal cavity
laparoscopy
458
instrument used for visual examination of the rectum
proctoscope
459
visual examination of the rectum
proctoscopy
460
visual examination of the sigmoid colon
sigmoidoscopy
461
ultrasound scanning of the abdominal cavity in which the size and structure of organs like the aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas can be visualized
abdominal sonography
462
series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally
barium enema (BE)
463
procedure using an endoscope to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts, introduce contrast agents and record the xray images; used to evaluate obstructions and disease of liver and pancreas
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
464
procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of the esophageal and gastric linings as well as walls of the small and large intestines; used to detects tumors and cystic growths and for staging of malignant tumors
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
465
series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been administered orally
upper GI series
466
examination of a stool sample to detect blood not directly visible. occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be detected by chemical testing or by microscope. test that screens for colon cancer or polyps
fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
467
chemical test on a fecal sample to determine the presence of the bacteria that can cause peptic ulcers
helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) stool antigen
468
without swallowing (inability to)
aphagia
469
difficult digestion
dyspepsia
470
difficult swallowing
dysphagia
471
enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
472
discharge of fat (excessive amount of fat in the stool)
steatorrhea
473
abnormal condition of fat
steatosis
474
physician who studies and treats diseases of the stomach and intestines
gastroenterologist
475
pertaining to the anus
anal
476
pertaining to the abdomen
celiac
477
pertaining to the colon and rectum
colorectal
478
pertaining to the duodenum
duodenal
479
pertaining to the esophagus
esophageal
480
pertaining to the ileum and cecum
ileocecal
481
study of the stomach and intestines
gastroenterology
482
pertaining to the nose and stomach
nasogastric
483
pertaining to the mouth
oral
484
pertaining to the palate
palatal
485
pertaining to the pancreas
pancreatic
486
pertaining to the peritoneum
peritoneal
487
pertaining to the rectum
rectal
488
pertaining to under the tongue
sublingual
489
abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
ascites
490
frequent discharge of liquid stool
diarrhea
491
expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth
emesis
492
gas in the gastrointestinal tract or expelled through the anus
flatus
493
vomiting of blood
hematemesis
494
passage of visibility bloody feces
hematochezia
495
impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients
malabsorption
496
black, tarry stool that contains digested blood; usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract
melena
497
urge to vomit
nausea
498
abnormal backward flow. in esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus
reflux
499
washing out of the stomach
gastric lavage
500
waste from the gastrointestinal tract expelled through the anus
feces
501
to examine by hand; to feel
palpate
502
surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body, such as the opening established in the abdominal wall by colostomy, ileostomy, or similar operation.
stoma
503
irritable bowel syndrome
IBS
504
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GERD
505
ulcerative colitis
UC
506
barium enema
BE
507
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
EGD
508
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ERCP
509
abdominoperineal resection
APR
510
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
PEG
511
gastrointestinal
GI
512
helicobacter pylori
H. Pylori
513
endoscopic ultrasound
EUS
514
fecal immunochemical test
FIT
515
fecal occult blood test
FOBT
516
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
UPPP
517
upper gastrointestinal
UGI
518
nausea and vomiting
N&V
