Chapter 10 Endocrine System Flashcards by Kayla Dawes

Endocrine System

glands secrete hormones

Glands are ductless

Hormones exert specific effects on target organs

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Amines

structural variation of amino acid tyrosine

includes Thyroxine, epinephrine and norepinephrine

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Proteins

Chain of 50-200 amino acids

includes insulin, growth hormone and calcitonin

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Steroids

Cholesterol is the precursor

includes cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone

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Regulation of hormone secretion

negative feedback back mechanism- info about hormone effects are fed back to the gland

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The pituitary gland

two major portions is: posterior pituitary gland and the anterior pituitary gland

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What are the hormones in Posterior Pituitary Gland?

2 hormones: antidiuretic and oxytocin

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

Function:
•Increases water reabsorption by the kidney tubules (water returns to the blood)
•decreases sweating
•causes vasoconstriction (in large amounts)

Regulation: Decreased water in content in the body

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Oxytocin

Functions:
•Promotes contraction of myometrium of uterus (labor)
•promotes release of milk from mammary glands

Regulation:
•Nerve impulses from hypothalamus the result of stretching of cervix or stimulation of nipple
•secretion from placenta at end of gestation-stimulus unknown

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What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?

Growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
prolactin
follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone

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Growth Hormone

Function:
•Increases rate for mitosis
•increases amino acid transport into cells
•increases rate of protein synthesis
•increases use of fats for energy

Regulation of secretion:
GHRH (hypothalamus) stimulates secretion
GHIH-somatostatin (hypothalamus) inhibits secretion

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Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)

Function:
•Increases secretion of thyroxine and T3 by thyroid gland

Regulation of secretion:
TRH (hypothalamus)

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Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Function:
•Increases secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

Regulation of secretion:
CRH (Hypothalamus)

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Prolactin

Function:
•Stimulates milk production by the mammary glands

Regulation of secretion:
•PRH (hypothalamus) stimulates secretion
•PIH (hypothalamus) inhibits secretion

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Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)

Function:
In women-
• Initiates growth of ova in ovarian follicles
• Increases secretion of estrogen by follicle cells
In men-
• Initiates sperm production in the testes

Regulation:
•GNRH (hypothalamus) stimulus secretion
•Inhibin (ovaries or testes) inhibits secretion

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Luteinizing hormone (LH) (ICSH)

Function:
In women-
• Causes ovulation
• Causes the ruptured ovarian follicle to become the corpus luteum
• Increases secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum
In men-
• Increases secretion of testosterone by the interstitial cells in the testes

Regulation:
•GnRH (hypothalamus)

What are the hormones of the thyroid gland?

Thyroxine (T4) and (T3), Calcitonin

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine(T3)

Function:
•Increase energy production from all food types
• Increase rate of protein synthesis

Regulation:
TSH

Calcitonin

Function:

•Decreases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood

Regulation:
•Hypercalcemia

Parathyroid glands

two on the back of each lobe of the thyroid gland

Produce parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone

Function:
• Increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood
• Increases absorption of calcium and phosphate by the small intestine
• Increases the reabsorption of calcium and the excretion of phosphate by the kidneys; activates vitamin D

Regulation:
•Hypocalcemia stimulates secretion
•Hypercalcemia inhibits secretion

What are the hormones of the pancreas?

Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin (delta cells)

Glucagon (alpha cells)

Function:
• Increases conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
• Increases the use of fats and excess amino acids for energy

Regulation:
•Hypoglycemia

Insulin(Beta cells)

Function:
• Increases glucose transport into cells and the use of glucose for energy production
• Increases the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen in the liver and muscles
• Increases amino acid and fatty acid transport into cells, and their use in synthesis reactions

Regulation:
•Hyperglycemia

Somatostatin (delta cells)

Function: •Decreases secretion of insulin and glucagon • Slows absorption of nutrients Regulation: •Rising levels of insulin and glucagon

Adrenal Glands

consists of two parts: inner adrenal medulla, outer adrenal cortex

What are the hormones in Adrenal Medulla?

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Function: • Causes vasoconstriction in skin, viscera, and skeletal muscles Regulation: •Sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus

Epinephrine

Function: • Increases heart rate and force of contraction • Dilates bronchioles • Decreases peristalsis • Increases conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver • Causes vasodilation in skeletal muscles • Causes vasoconstriction in skin and viscera • Increases use of fats for energy • Increases the rate of cell respiration Regulation: •Sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus in stressful situations

What are the hormones in adrenal cortex?

Aldosterone, cortisol

Aldosterone

Function: • Increases reabsorption of Na+ ions by the kidneys to the blood • Increases excretion of K+ ions by the kidneys in urine Regulation: •Low blood Na+ level •low blood volume or blood pressure •high blood k+ level

Cortisol

Function: • Increases use of fats and excess amino acids for energy • Decreases use of glucose for energy (except for the brain) • Increases conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver • Anti-inflammatory effect: stabilizes lysosomes and blocks the effects of histamine Regulation: ACTH (anterior pituitary) during physiological stress