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Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Is the smallest living subunits of an organism

Human cells vary in size, shape and function

Human cells function interdependently to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

Major parts of the cell

A

The cell membrane
A nucleus
Cytoplasm
cell organelles

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3
Q

Which cell has no nucleus?

A

Red blood cells

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

Outer boundary of a cell

made up of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins

selectively permeable boundary

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5
Q

Role of Phospholipids in Cell membrane

A

permit lipid-soluble materials to easily enter or leave the cell by diffusion through the cell membrane

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6
Q

Role of Cholesterol in membrane

A

provides more stabily

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7
Q

Role of proteins in cell membrane

A

forms pores, carrier enzymes, self antigens and receptors sites for hormones

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8
Q

Cell Nucleus

A

The control center

Made of DNA,RNA, and protein

Contains Chromosomes -23 pairs

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Watery Solution that is found between the cell membrane and nucleus and contains organelles

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10
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Transport materials within the cell

Make lips

Rough ER has numerous ribosomes

Smooth ER has no ribosomes

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

Makes proteins

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

forms ribosomal RNA

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13
Q

Proteasomes

A

degrade damaged proteins

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

series of flat membranous sacs

makes carbohydrates

Package materials for secretion from cell

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

double membrane, inner membrane has folds called cristae

energy production of cell

contains own genes (37 of em)

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

single membrane structure

Digest foreign material in the cell

cleans things

works as the digestive system of the cell

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17
Q

Centrioles

A

two rod shaped structures perpendicular to one another
organize spindle fibers during cell division

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18
Q

Cilia

A

sweeps materials across the cell surface

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19
Q

Flagellum

A

long appendage that enables the cell to move

sperm cells only human cell to have flagellum

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20
Q

Microvilli

A

folds of the cell membrane that increases a cells surface area for absorption

21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

gives support and shape to the cell

22
Q

Cellular transport Mechanisms

A

processes by which cells take in or secrete or excrete materials through the cell membrane

23
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

Ex: exchange of gases in the lungs or in body tissues (carbon dioxide,oxygen)

24
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water

water will move from an area with more water to an area with less water

ex:absorption of water by the small intestine or kidneys

25
Facilitated diffusion
molecules move through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration but they need help (uses carrier enzymes)
26
active transport
movement of molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration ex:absorption of inorganic acids and glucose from food by the cells of the small intenstine
27
Filtration
Movement of water and dissolved substances from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure (blood pressure) Ex:formation of tissue fluid in capillaries throughout the body
28
Phagocytosis
a moving cell engulfs something Ex:White blood cells engulf bacteria Pacman of cell
29
Pinocytosis
A stationary cell engulfs something Ex:cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb small proteins think of Venus fly trap
30
DNA
double strands of nucleotides that is the genetic code in the chromosomes contains four bases: adenine with thymine (A-T) and guanine with cytosine (G-C) A gene is the sequence of bases that is the code for one protein
31
mRNA (Messenger RNA)
Single strand of nucleotide that copy’s DNA gene contains the triplet code:three bases is the code for one amino acid (a codon) leaves the DNA in the nucleus, enters the cytoplasm of the cell and becomes attached to ribosomes
32
tRNA (transfer RNA)
picks up amino acids (from food) in the cytoplasm and transport them to their proper sites(triplets) among the mRNA molecule has anticodons to match mRNA codons
33
Ribosomes in protein synthesis
makes proteins attach to the mRNA molecule contain rRNA, a ribozyme that forms peptide bonds between amino acids-
34
cell division
process of which a cell reproduces itself
35
Stages of mitosis
interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokines
36
Mitosis
one cell with diploid number of chromosomes, divides into two identical cells, each with the diploid number of chromosomes essential for repair of tissues
37
Interphase
Time between miotic divisions resting stage where cells aren’t dividing
38
prophase
1.The chromosomes coil up and become visible as short rods. Each chromosome is really two chromatids (original DNA plus its copy) still attached at a region called the centromere. 2. The nuclear membrane disappears. 3. The centrioles move toward opposite poles of the cell and organize the spindle fibers, which extend across the equator of the cell.
39
Metaphase
1. The pairs of chromatids line up along the equator of the cell. The centromere of each pair is attached to a spindle fiber. 2. The centromeres now divide.
40
Anaphase
Each chromatid is now considered a separate chromosome; there are two complete and separate sets. 2. The spindle fibers contract and pull the chromosomes, with one set pulled toward each pole of the cell.
41
Telophase
1. The sets of chromosomes reach the poles of the cell and become indistinct as their DNA uncoils to form chromatin. 2. A nuclear membrane re-forms around each set of chromosomes.
42
Cytokinesis
1. The cytoplasm divides; new cell membrane is formed
43
Meiosis
more complex process of cell division that results in the formation of gametes, which are egg and sperm cells
44
Meiosis 1
Dna replication takes place, cell divides into two cells
45
Meiosis 2
each of these cells has the diploid number of chromosomes and each divides into two cells dna replication does not take place before meiosis 2
46
oogenesis
meiosis taking place in the ovaries
47
spermatogenesis
meiosis takes place in the testes
48
The egg and sperm cells have ___ number of chromosomes
23

A&P (17 decks)

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