Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P > Chapter 14 lymphatic system and immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 14 lymphatic system and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Lymph

A

the name for tissue fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

lymph vessels

A

lymph vessels begin as dead end lymph capillaries found in most tissue spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lacteals

A

Specialized lymph capillaries found in the vli of the small intestine that absorb fat-soluble end products of digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do lymph capillaries form?

A

larger lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What prevents backflow of lymph?

A

the one-way valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

lymph vessels compressed by skeletal muscles that surround them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Respiratory pump

A

expand and compresses the lymph vessels in the chest cavity and keeps the lymph moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cisterna chyli

A

lymph vessel formed by the lower body lymph vessels that is found in front of the lumbar vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

thoracic duct

A

empties lymph from the lower body and upper left quadrant into the left subclavian veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

empties lymph from the upper right quadrant into the right subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does lymph tissue produce?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lymph nodes

A

masses of lymphatic tissue

larger than nodules

are found in groups along the pathway of the lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens when lymph passes through a lymph node?

A

macrophages phagocytize bacteria and foreign material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are 3 most important lymph nodes located?

A

cervical, axillary and inguinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lymph nodules

A

masses of lymphatic tissue

found beneath the epithelium of all mucous membranes

placed near portals of entry for possible pathogen invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are lymph nodules located?

A

respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tonsils

A

are lymph nodules that form a ring of lymphatic tissue

Tonsils:
palatine- lateral walls of the pharynx
adenoid -posterior wall
lingual-base of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the lymph nodes of the small intestine called?

A

Peyer’s patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Spleen location

A

located upper left quadrant just below the diaphragm and behind the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In the fetus what does spleen produce?

A

red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

After birth what does the spleen do?

A

produces lymphocytes and monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Functions of the spleen after birth?

A

contains plasma cells that produce antibodies

contains fixed macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and other foreign material, including old RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The spleen is not a vital organ because?

A

other organs compensate for its functions

a person without a spleen is more susceptible to pneumonia and meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Thymus

A

inferior to the thyroid gland

larger in the fetus and infant

relatively little found in adults because it shrinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do the stem cells of the thymus produce?

A

T lymphocytes or T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do the thymic hormones do?

A

allow the T cells to participate in recognizing foreign antigens and give immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

At what age does our immune system become mature and fully functional?

A

Age 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Immunity

A

Ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material and to prevent further cases of certain infectious disease

29
Q

Antigens

A

markers that identify cells as either self or non-self

30
Q

Why are transplants a problem?

A

transplanted organs are foreign tissue and the immune system may reject a transplanted kidney or heart

31
Q

What are the two main components of immunity?

A

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity

32
Q

Innate immunity

A

non specific

does not create memory

responses are always the same regardless of the target

33
Q

What are the innate immunity defensive cells?

A

Natural Killer Cells

Basophil/mast cells

34
Q

Natural killer cells

A

rupture foreign cell membranes

found in blood, bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes

35
Q

Basophils/Mast cells

A

produce histamine and leukotrienes

36
Q

What are the innate immunity chemical defenses?

A

Interferons
Complement
Inflammation

37
Q

Interferons

A

produced by cells infected with viruses

prevent reproduction of viruses within cells

38
Q

Complement

A

group of more than 20 proteins that circulate in the blood until activated

involved in the lysis of cellular antigens and the labeling of noncellular antigens

39
Q

Inflammation

A

purpose is to try to contain the damage, keep it from spreading, eliminate the cause and permit repair of the tissue to begin

40
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Involves T and B lymphocytes

specific to its antigen- creates memory

may become more efficient with repeated exposure

can be either cell-mediated immunity or antibody-mediated immunity

41
Q

T lymphocytes

A

produced in the bone marrow and thymus in the embryo, they pass through the thymus for maturation and then move into the spleen, nodes, and nodules

42
Q

B cells

A

produced in the embryonic bone marrow, they move to the spleen, nodes, and nodules

43
Q

Helper T cells (cell mediated immunity)

A

Compare the foreign antigen to the self antigens on the macrophage and become activated in antigen specific

44
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (cell mediated immunity)

A

Chemically destroy foreign antigens by disrupting their cell membranes

45
Q

Memory T cells (cell mediated immunity)

A

Initiate a rapid immune response if the antigen enters the body again

46
Q

macrophages (cell-mediated immunity)

A

Phagocytize foreign antigens

47
Q

Cytokines (cell mediated immunity)

A

Chemicals produced by cytotoxic T cells that attract macrophages

48
Q

Helper T cells (Antibody mediated immunity)

A

Compare the foreign antigen with self antigen on the macrophages; are antigen specific and strongly activate
B cells

49
Q

memory b cells (antibody mediated immunity)

A

Initiate rapid antibody production if the antigen enters the body again

50
Q

Plasma cells (antibody mediated immunity)

A

Produce antibodies specific for one foreign antigen

51
Q

Macrophages (Antibody mediated immunity)

A

Phagocytize antigen/antibody complexes

52
Q

Antibodies (Antibody mediated immunity)

A

Proteins produced by plasma cells that bind to a specific foreign antigen

53
Q

Complement (Antibody mediated immunity)

A

Plasma proteins that are activated by antigen/antibody complexes and lyse cellular antigens

54
Q

Antibodies

A

(immune globulins)- proteins produced by plasma cells in response to foreign antigens

do not destroy cells, but merely attach themselves to the antigen in order to label it for destruction

are specific to one antigen

55
Q

Mechanisms of immunity

A

1st step-recognition of cells as foreign by its antigens
• Helper T cells help in the identification of foreign antigens
• Triggers 1 of 2 mechanisms of immunity: cell-mediated immunity or humoral immunity

56
Q

IgG

A

Location: Blood and extracellular fluid

Functions: A monomer; the most abundant immune globulin; crosses the
placenta to provide passive immunity for newborns; provides long-term immunity to a disease following recovery or a vaccine

57
Q

IgA

A

Location: External and internal secretions (tears, saliva, intestinal)

Functions: A dimer; present in breast milk to provide passive immunity for breastfed infants; found in secretions of all mucous membranes to provide local defense where pathogens enter

58
Q

IgM

A

Location: Blood

Function: A pentamer; produced first by the maturing immune system of infants; produced first during an infection (IgG production follows); the antibodies of the ABO blood group

59
Q

IgD

A

Location: B Lymphocytes

Function: A monomer; forms receptors on B lymphocytes

60
Q

IgE

A

Location: Mast cells or basophils

Functions: A monomer, is important in allergic reactions (mast cells release histamine) and responses to parasites such as worms

61
Q

Antibody responses

A

Antibodies are produced slowly and in small amounts

Antibodies neutralize viruses by bonding to them and preventing them from entering into cells

Bacterial toxins are neutralized when antibodies bond to them and change their shape

62
Q

Agglutination

A

occurs when antibodies bind to bacterial cells, which makes it easier for the macrophages to phagocytize them

63
Q

Vaccines

A

Contains antigens that the immune system will respond to
- Attenuated-weakened or killed antigen
• May contain toxoids (inactivated bacterial toxin)

64
Q

Allergies

A

Hypersensitivity to a particular antigen, which causes an over response by the immune system

mass production of the lgE antibodies

Histamine increases the permeability of capillaries, which increases fluid formation and in influx of WBC to the damaged area

65
Q

Genetic immunity

A

Does not involve antibodies; is programmed in DNA
Some pathogens affect certain host species but not others

66
Q

Acquired ammunity

A

involves antibodies

67
Q

Passive immunity

A

Antibodies from another source

Natural-placental transmission of igG antibodies from mother to fetus-transmission of IgA antibodies in breast milk

Artificial-Injection of preformed antibodies after presumed exposure

68
Q

Active immunity

A

production of ones own antibodies

Natural-Recovery from a disease, with production of antibodies and memory cells

Artificial: A vaccine stimulates production of antibodies and memory cells

A&P (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions