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A&P > Chapter 14 lymphatic system and immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 14 lymphatic system and immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Lymph

A

the name for tissue fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries

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2
Q

lymph vessels

A

lymph vessels begin as dead end lymph capillaries found in most tissue spaces

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3
Q

Lacteals

A

Specialized lymph capillaries found in the vli of the small intestine that absorb fat-soluble end products of digestion

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4
Q

What do lymph capillaries form?

A

larger lymph vessels

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5
Q

What prevents backflow of lymph?

A

the one-way valves

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

lymph vessels compressed by skeletal muscles that surround them

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7
Q

Respiratory pump

A

expand and compresses the lymph vessels in the chest cavity and keeps the lymph moving

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8
Q

cisterna chyli

A

lymph vessel formed by the lower body lymph vessels that is found in front of the lumbar vertebrae

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9
Q

thoracic duct

A

empties lymph from the lower body and upper left quadrant into the left subclavian veins

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10
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

empties lymph from the upper right quadrant into the right subclavian vein

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11
Q

What does lymph tissue produce?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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12
Q

Lymph nodes

A

masses of lymphatic tissue

larger than nodules

are found in groups along the pathway of the lymph vessels

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13
Q

what happens when lymph passes through a lymph node?

A

macrophages phagocytize bacteria and foreign material

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14
Q

Where are 3 most important lymph nodes located?

A

cervical, axillary and inguinal

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15
Q

Lymph nodules

A

masses of lymphatic tissue

found beneath the epithelium of all mucous membranes

placed near portals of entry for possible pathogen invasion

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16
Q

Where are lymph nodules located?

A

respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts

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17
Q

Tonsils

A

are lymph nodules that form a ring of lymphatic tissue

Tonsils:
palatine- lateral walls of the pharynx
adenoid -posterior wall
lingual-base of the tongue

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18
Q

What are the lymph nodes of the small intestine called?

A

Peyer’s patches

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19
Q

Spleen location

A

located upper left quadrant just below the diaphragm and behind the stomach

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20
Q

In the fetus what does spleen produce?

A

red blood cells

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21
Q

After birth what does the spleen do?

A

produces lymphocytes and monocytes

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22
Q

Functions of the spleen after birth?

A

contains plasma cells that produce antibodies

contains fixed macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and other foreign material, including old RBCs

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23
Q

The spleen is not a vital organ because?

A

other organs compensate for its functions

a person without a spleen is more susceptible to pneumonia and meningitis

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24
Q

Thymus

A

inferior to the thyroid gland

larger in the fetus and infant

relatively little found in adults because it shrinks

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25
What do the stem cells of the thymus produce?
T lymphocytes or T cells
26
What do the thymic hormones do?
allow the T cells to participate in recognizing foreign antigens and give immunity
27
At what age does our immune system become mature and fully functional?
Age 2
28
Immunity
Ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material and to prevent further cases of certain infectious disease
29
Antigens
markers that identify cells as either self or non-self
30
Why are transplants a problem?
transplanted organs are foreign tissue and the immune system may reject a transplanted kidney or heart
31
What are the two main components of immunity?
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity
32
Innate immunity
non specific does not create memory responses are always the same regardless of the target
33
What are the innate immunity defensive cells?
Natural Killer Cells Basophil/mast cells
34
Natural killer cells
rupture foreign cell membranes found in blood, bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes
35
Basophils/Mast cells
produce histamine and leukotrienes
36
What are the innate immunity chemical defenses?
Interferons Complement Inflammation
37
Interferons
produced by cells infected with viruses prevent reproduction of viruses within cells
38
Complement
group of more than 20 proteins that circulate in the blood until activated involved in the lysis of cellular antigens and the labeling of noncellular antigens
39
Inflammation
purpose is to try to contain the damage, keep it from spreading, eliminate the cause and permit repair of the tissue to begin
40
Adaptive immunity
Involves T and B lymphocytes specific to its antigen- creates memory may become more efficient with repeated exposure can be either cell-mediated immunity or antibody-mediated immunity
41
T lymphocytes
produced in the bone marrow and thymus in the embryo, they pass through the thymus for maturation and then move into the spleen, nodes, and nodules
42
B cells
produced in the embryonic bone marrow, they move to the spleen, nodes, and nodules
43
Helper T cells (cell mediated immunity)
Compare the foreign antigen to the self antigens on the macrophage and become activated in antigen specific
44
Cytotoxic T cells (cell mediated immunity)
Chemically destroy foreign antigens by disrupting their cell membranes
45
Memory T cells (cell mediated immunity)
Initiate a rapid immune response if the antigen enters the body again
46
macrophages (cell-mediated immunity)
Phagocytize foreign antigens
47
Cytokines (cell mediated immunity)
Chemicals produced by cytotoxic T cells that attract macrophages
48
Helper T cells (Antibody mediated immunity)
Compare the foreign antigen with self antigen on the macrophages; are antigen specific and strongly activate B cells
49
memory b cells (antibody mediated immunity)
Initiate rapid antibody production if the antigen enters the body again
50
Plasma cells (antibody mediated immunity)
Produce antibodies specific for one foreign antigen
51
Macrophages (Antibody mediated immunity)
Phagocytize antigen/antibody complexes
52
Antibodies (Antibody mediated immunity)
Proteins produced by plasma cells that bind to a specific foreign antigen
53
Complement (Antibody mediated immunity)
Plasma proteins that are activated by antigen/antibody complexes and lyse cellular antigens
54
Antibodies
(immune globulins)- proteins produced by plasma cells in response to foreign antigens do not destroy cells, but merely attach themselves to the antigen in order to label it for destruction are specific to one antigen
55
Mechanisms of immunity
1st step-recognition of cells as foreign by its antigens • Helper T cells help in the identification of foreign antigens • Triggers 1 of 2 mechanisms of immunity: cell-mediated immunity or humoral immunity
56
IgG
Location: Blood and extracellular fluid Functions: A monomer; the most abundant immune globulin; crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity for newborns; provides long-term immunity to a disease following recovery or a vaccine
57
IgA
Location: External and internal secretions (tears, saliva, intestinal) Functions: A dimer; present in breast milk to provide passive immunity for breastfed infants; found in secretions of all mucous membranes to provide local defense where pathogens enter
58
IgM
Location: Blood Function: A pentamer; produced first by the maturing immune system of infants; produced first during an infection (IgG production follows); the antibodies of the ABO blood group
59
IgD
Location: B Lymphocytes Function: A monomer; forms receptors on B lymphocytes
60
IgE
Location: Mast cells or basophils Functions: A monomer, is important in allergic reactions (mast cells release histamine) and responses to parasites such as worms
61
Antibody responses
Antibodies are produced slowly and in small amounts Antibodies neutralize viruses by bonding to them and preventing them from entering into cells Bacterial toxins are neutralized when antibodies bond to them and change their shape
62
Agglutination
occurs when antibodies bind to bacterial cells, which makes it easier for the macrophages to phagocytize them
63
Vaccines
Contains antigens that the immune system will respond to - Attenuated-weakened or killed antigen • May contain toxoids (inactivated bacterial toxin)
64
Allergies
Hypersensitivity to a particular antigen, which causes an over response by the immune system mass production of the lgE antibodies Histamine increases the permeability of capillaries, which increases fluid formation and in influx of WBC to the damaged area
65
Genetic immunity
Does not involve antibodies; is programmed in DNA Some pathogens affect certain host species but not others
66
Acquired ammunity
involves antibodies
67
Passive immunity
Antibodies from another source Natural-placental transmission of igG antibodies from mother to fetus-transmission of IgA antibodies in breast milk Artificial-Injection of preformed antibodies after presumed exposure
68
Active immunity
production of ones own antibodies Natural-Recovery from a disease, with production of antibodies and memory cells Artificial: A vaccine stimulates production of antibodies and memory cells

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