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chapter 17 fluid and electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

two-thirds of the total volume of water, found within individual cells

A

intracellular fluid

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2
Q

remaining third of the total volume of water?

A

extracellular fluid
Includes: tissue fluid, blood plasma and specialized fluids

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3
Q

What are the two ways that water moves?

A

filtration and osmosis

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4
Q

process of filtration in capillaries?

A

plasma is forced out into tissue spaces (another compartment) and then is called tissue fluid

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5
Q

process of osmosis in cells?

A

water will move through cell membranes from the area of greater concentration to the area of lesser concentration.

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6
Q

Where does most of the water that the body requires come from?

A

ingestion of liquids
1600 ml per day

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7
Q

The daily water total from food

A

700 ml per day

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8
Q

what is the last source of water?

A

metabolic water-product of cell respiration
200 ml per day

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9
Q

total intake of water per day?

A

2500 ml or 2.5 liters

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10
Q

Where does most of the water loss from the body come from?

A

urine
1500 ml per day

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11
Q

total output of water?

A

2500 ml per day

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12
Q

How much water is lost in sweat?

A

500 ml per day

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13
Q

how much water is lost in exhaled air (vapor)?

A

300 ml per day

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14
Q

how much water is lost in feces?

A

200 ml per day

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15
Q

What is osmoreceptors?

A

detect changes in the osmolarity of body fluids

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16
Q

What is osmalarity

A

the concentration of dissolved materials present in a fluid

less fluid-higher osmolarity
more fluid- lower osmolarity

dehydration= higher osmolarity in blood

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17
Q

How is the hypothalamus involved in water balance?

A

because of its production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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18
Q

What is ADH( Anti-diuretic hormone) and how does it regulate water?

A

from the posterior pituitary gland, it increases the re absorption of water by the kidney tubules

which returns to the blood to preserve volume and urinary output decreases

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19
Q

What is Aldosterone and how does it regulate water?

A

increases the re absorption of Na+ ions by the kidney tubules

water from the renal filtrate follows Na+ ions back to the blood

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20
Q

When is Aldosterone secreted?

A

when the Na+ ion concentration of the blood decreases or whenever there is a significant decrease in blood pressure

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21
Q

What are other factors that contribute to water loss?

A

Excessive sweating, hemorrhage, diarrhea or vomiting, severe burns and fever

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22
Q

What is water intoxication?

A

osmolarity of blood decreases caused by overconsumption of fluids and there is too much water in proportion to electrolytes

side effects: dizziness, abdominal cramps, nausea and lethargy

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23
Q

Which hormone helps excrete the excess water of the kidneys?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

which is secreted by the atria when blood volume or blood pressure increases

24
Q

How does ANP contribute to water regulation?

A

it decreases the re absorption of Na+ ions by the kidneys

which increases urinary output of sodium and water

also ADH will diminish during this process

25
What are electrolytes?
chemicals thar dissolve in water and dissociate into their positive and negative ions
26
What are your positive ions (cations)?
Na+ (sodium) K+ (potassium) ca2+ (calcium) mg2+(magnesium) fe2+ (Iron) h+ (hydrogen)
27
What are your negative ions (anions)?
Cl- (chloride) HCO3- (bicarbonate) SO4 (sulfate) HPO4 (phosphate) and protein anions
28
How does Aldosterone regulate the concentration of electrolytes?
increases the reabsorption of Na+ ions and the excretions of k+ ions by the kidneys
29
How does ANP regulate the concentration of electrolytes?
increases the excretion of na+ ions by the kidneys and lowers the blood sodium level
30
which hormones regulate the blood levels of calcium and phosphate?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin PTH increases reabsorption of these calcium and phosphate from bones to blood and by small intestine calcitonin promotes the removal of calcium and phosphate from the blood to the bones
31
What is the most abundant cation and anion in ECF?
sodium (na+) cation Chloride (Cl-) anion
32
what is the most abundant cation and anion in ICF?
K+ (potassium) cation HPO4 (phosphate) anion
33
Sodium (na+)
creates much of the osmotic pressure of ECF essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells
34
Potassium (K+)
creates most of osmotic pressure in ICF essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells
35
Calcium (Ca+2)
98% found in bones and teeth maintains excitability of neurons and muscle cells essential for blood clotting
36
Magnesium (mg+2)
50% found in bone more abundant in ICF than in ECF essential for ATP production and activity of neurons and muscle cells
37
Chloride (Cl-)
Diffuses easily in and out of cells helps regulate osmotic pressure Part of HCl in gastric juice
38
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
part of the bicarbonate buffer system
39
Phosphate (HPO4 -2)
85% found in bones and teeth primarily an ICF anion part of dna, rna, atp phospholipids part of phosphate buffer system
40
Sulfate (so4 -2)
part of some amino acids and proteins
41
Normal ph of blood?
7.35-7.45
42
intracellular fluid ph
6.8-7.0
43
What is a buffer system?
is to prevent drastic changes in PH of body fluids by chemically reacting with strong acids or bases that would change the PH consist of a weak acid and a weak base
44
Bicarbonate buffer system
most important buffer system to keep blood ph from changing two components = carbonic acid (weak acid) and sodium bicarbonate (weak base) strong acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to produce salt and a weak acid strong base reacts with carbonic acid to produce water and a weak base important in both the blood and tissue fluid
45
Phosphate buffer system
2 components= sodium dihydrogen phosphate (weak acid) and sodium monohydrogen phosphate (weak base) same as bicarbonate except phosphate is used important in the regulation of the ph of blood by the kidneys
46
protein buffer system
Most important one for intracellular fluids carboxyl group may act as an acid because it can donate a hydrogen ion amine group may act as a base because it can pick up hydrogen ion
47
how does the respiratory system affect PH?
it regulates the amount of CO2 present in body fluids
48
What is respiratory acidosis?
decrease rate or efficiency of respiration ex:Asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, paralysis of respiratory muscles compensation: kidneys excrete H+ ions and reabsorb Na+ ions and HCO3 - ions
49
What is respiratory alkalosis?
increased rate of respiration ex: anxiety, high altitude compensation: Kidneys retain h+ ions and excrete na+ ions and HCO3- ions
50
what is metabolic acidosis?
caused by kidney disease, ketosis, diarrhea or vomiting compensation: increased respiration to exhale CO2 to decrease H+ ions formation to raise PH to normal range
51
What is metabolic Alkalosis?
caused by over ingestion of bicarbonate medications, gastric suctioning compensation: decreases respirations to retain CO2 which increases formation of H+ ions to lower PH to normal range
52
How do kidneys help regulate the Ph of extracellular fluid?
excreting or conserving H+ ions and by reabsorbing (or not) Na+ ions and HCO3 - ions
53
Why are the renal mechanisms important?
Kidneys have the greatest capacity to buffer an ongoing Ph change takes longer to get working than respiratory compensation but lasts longer than respiratory mechanisms
54
What are the effects of Acidosis?
detrimental to the central nervous system, causing confusion, disorientation and coma
55
What are the effects of alkalosis?
affects both the CNS and PNS causing irritability and muscle twitches, which can lead to severe muscle spams and convulsions

A&P (17 decks)

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