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A&P > Chapter 11 blood > Flashcards

Chapter 11 blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Amount of blood in body

A

4-6 liters of blood

38% to 48% composed of cells

52% to 62% is plasma

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2
Q

Color of blood

A

Arterial blood- bright red

Venous blood- dark red

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3
Q

Ph range of blood

A

7.35 to 7.45 slightly alkaline

Venous blood has slightly lower ph than arterial blood

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4
Q

Viscosity of blood

A

3-5 times thicker than water

Viscosity is increased by presence of blood cells and plasma proteins

thickness contributes to normal blood pressure

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5
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid part of blood and is approximately 91% water

contains plasma proteins

carries body heat

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6
Q

Clotting factors of plama

A

Prothrombin and fibrinogen

synthesized by the liver and circulate until activated to form a clot in a ruptured or damaged blood vessel

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7
Q

Albumin

A

most abundant plasma protein, maintains colloid osmotic pressure

pulls tissue fluid into capillaries

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8
Q

Alpha and beta globulins

A

plasma proteins

act as carriers for molecules such as fats

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9
Q

gamma globulins

A

plasma proteins

antibodies produced by lymphocytes

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10
Q

Blood cells

A

produced from stem cells in hemopoietic tissue

2 types:
red bone marrow- sternum, hip bone, and vertebrae

lymphatic tissue-:spleen, lymph nodes and thymus gland

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11
Q

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A

only human cells without nuclei

Normal RBC count rages from 4.5 to 6.0 million cells

RBC count for men are higher than women

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12
Q

Hematocrit

A

Measuring the amount of RBCs

normal range 38% to 48%

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13
Q

hemoglobin

A

gives ability to carry oxygen

each red blood cell contains approximately 300 million hemoglobin

normal range 12-18 per 100ml

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14
Q

Embryonic RBC production

A

yolk sac

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15
Q

Fetal organs that produce RBC

A

liver and spleen

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16
Q

Older children and adults RBC production

A

In red bone marrow

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17
Q

Stem cells

A

unspecialized cells within red bone marrow

may also be called hemocytoblasts - constantly undergoing mitosis to produce new cells

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18
Q

Where do RBC pick up oxygen and what do they turn to?

A

pulmonary capillaries (in the lungs) and it turns to oxyhemoglobin

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19
Q

Where do RBCs release the oxygen and what do they turn to?

A

Systemic capillaries , reduced hemoglobin

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20
Q

Hypoxia

A

lack of oxygen

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21
Q

What happens when hypoxia occurs?

A
  1. The kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin
  2. This stimulates RBC production (mitosis of stem cells)
  3. As a result more RBC will be available to carry 02 to try and fix the hypoxia state
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22
Q

Normablasts

A

Have a nuclei but disintegrates

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23
Q

Maturation requires

A

Protein and iron- necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin

Copper- part of some of the enzymes involved in hemoglobin synthesis, though it does not become part of the hemoglobin itself

Folic acid and b12- required for DNA synthesis in the stem cells

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24
Q

Life span of RBCs

A

120 days

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25
After RBC disintegrate
The damaged cells are removed from circulation by cells of the tissue macrophage system (liver, spleen, and red bone marrow)
26
When RBC is phagocytized by macrophages, where do they go?
Iron is recycled back to the bone marrow or stored in the liver Protein (goblin): digested to its amino acids to be used for synthesis of new proteins
27
Heme
waste product that is converted to bilirubin by macrophages Liver removes bilirubin from circulation and excretes it into bile
28
If Bilirubin is absorbed in blood
the kidneys excrete it via pee
29
If bilirubin is not excreted properly
Causes Jaundice- condition in which the whites of the eyes appear yellow
30
What are the two important blood groups?
ABO group and RH Factor
31
What does ABO group contain?
four blood types: A, B, AB, O
32
what antigen does a person with type A blood have?
A
33
what antigen does a person with type B blood have?
B
34
what antigen does a person with type AB blood have?
Both A and B Antigens
35
what antigen does a person with type O blood have?
Neither A nor B antigens; has no antigens
36
Each person has natural antibodies for those antigens not present on the RBCs
Type A has anti-B antibodies Type B has anti-A antibodies Type AB has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies Type O person has both anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
37
what do the procedures typing and cross matching of a donor and recipients blood ensure?
will not bring about a hemolytic transfusion reaction
38
Which blood type is considered a universal donor?
Type O blood
39
what is the Rh factor?
another antigen often called D
40
if Rh antigen is absent from a persons RBC, what does that mean?
They have a negative blood type
41
what will happen the first time someone who has a negative blood type is given positive donor blood?
Usually will not cause problems
42
what will happen a second time a person who has a negative blood type is given positive donor blood?
-antibodies will bring about reaction because antibodies were formed from first exposure because to an Rh negative person, the Rh antigen is foreign -hemolisys and possible kidney damage
43
White blood cells (Leukocytes)
5 kinds of WBCs Normal WBC count is 5,000 to 10,000 protect the body from infectious disease and to provide immunity
44
Granular WBCs
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils usually have nuclei in 2 or more lobes
45
agranular WBCs
Lymphocytes and monocytes have nuclei in 1 piece
46
Neutrophils
1. Most abundant 2. Come out rapidly during infection 3. Produce enzyme in lungs to stimulate apoptosis of fungi
47
Eosinophils
Detoxify foreign proteins during allergic reactions and parasitic infections, they phagocytize anything labeled with antibodies
48
Basophils
Anticoagulant heprine & histamine which make capillaries more permeable during inflammation
49
3 kinds of lymphocytes
T cells (T lymphocytes) B cells (B lymphocytes) Natural Killer Cells
50
T cells ( T lymphocytes)
recognize foreign antigens and destroy them and provide memory- which provides immunity
51
B cells ( B lymphocytes)
become plasma cells which produce antibodies to foreign antigens, also proving memory
52
NK cells
destroy the cell membrane of the foreign cells
53
Monocytes
become macrophages which phagocyte dead tissue
54
leukocytosis
A high WBC count- often indiction of infection
55
Leukopenia
low blood count- maybe present in diseases such as Tuberculosis
56
Platelets
aka thrombocytes not whole cells but fragments and pieces of cells normal count 150,000-300,000
57
thrombopoietin
a hormone produced by the liver that increases the rate of platelet production
58
3 mechanisms of hemostasis
1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. chemical clotting
59
Vascular Spasm
1. Large vessels constrict when damage 2. Platelets release serotonin which also causes vasoconstriction 3. The brake in the vessel is made smaller and may be closed with a blood clot
60
Platelet plugs
1. Rupture of a capillary 2. Creates a rough surface for platelets to stick and form a barrier over the break
61
3 stages of chemical clotting
Stage 1: prothrombin activator is formed Stage 2: prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin Stage 3: thrombin spilts fibrinogen to fibrin which forms a mesh over the injured site
62
Prothrimbin and fibrinogen are synthesized in the
Liver and circulate in the blood plasma until activated
63
What is the stimulus for chemical clotting
rough surface within the vessel
64
Vitamin needed for prothrombin synthesis
Vitamin K
65
Mineral needed for clotting
Calcium
66
clot retraction
after coagulation, platelets contract pulling torn blood vessel together
67
Fibrinolysis
breakdown and removal of a clot
68
Abnormal clotting is prevented by
1. Simple epithelium keep it smooth and repels platelets 2. Anticoagulant is produced by basophils (heparin) 3. Antithrombin (produced in liver) inactivates
69
Anemia
deficiency of red blood cells
70
Iron-deficiency anemia
lack of dietary iron
71
Pernicious anemia
RBCs are large misshapen and fragile
72
Sickle-cell anemia
genetic disorder of hemoglobin, causes RBCs to sickle, clog capillaries and rupture
73
Aplastic Anemia
suppression of the red bone marrow with decreased production of RBCs, WBCs and platelets
74
Hemolytic anemia
any disorder that causes rupture of RBCs
75
Jaundice
excessive bilirubin in the blood
76
Red blood cells count
4.5-6.0 million/UL Decrease: Anemia Increase:Polycythemia
77
Hemoglobin count
12-18 grams/100mL Decrease: Iron deficiency, other anemias Increase:polycythemia
78
Hematocrit count
38%-48% Decrease: Anemia Increase: Polycythemia, heaving smoking
79
White blood cells count
5000-10,000/uL Decrease:Leukopenia Increase:leukocytosis
80
Platelets count
150,000-300,000/UL Decrease: thrombocytopenia that may be idiopathic or accompany aplastic anemia Increase: not considered a clinical condition, but may follow removal of the spleen

A&P (17 decks)

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