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chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function is called a tissue

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2
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

found on surfaces as either coverings (outer surfaces) or linings (inner surfaces)

capable of secretion and may be called glandular epithelium or glands

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3
Q

Shape of squamous cells

A

flat cells

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4
Q

Shape of cuboidal cell

A

cubed shape

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5
Q

shape of columnar cells

A

tall and narrow cells

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6
Q

Simple cells

A

singe layer of cells

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7
Q

stratified cells

A

many layers of cells

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8
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flat cells

very thin and very smooth

Ex: Alveoli of the lungs- thin to permit diffusion of gases
Capillaries- thin to permit changes of materials; smooth to prevent abnormal blood clotting

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9
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

many layers of cells; surface cells are flat; lower cells rounded; lowest layer undergoes mitosis

Barrier to microorganisms

Ex: Epidermis- surface cells are dead; excellent barrier to pathogens
Lining of esophagus, vagina, oral cavity- surface cells are living; a good barrier to pathogens

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10
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

many layers of cells; surface cells change from rounded to flat

Ex:Lining of urinary bladder- permits expansion without tearing the lining

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11
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cube-shaped cells

Function is secretion

Ex:Thyroid gland-Secretes thyroxine
Salivary glands-Secretes saliva
Kidney Tubules- permit reabsorption of useful materials back to the blood

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12
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

one layer of column-shaped cells

Goblet cells

Ex:Lining of stomach-Secretes gastric juice
Lining of small intestine-Secretes enzymes and absorbs end products of digestion (microvilli present)

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13
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A

one layer of columnar cells with motile cilia on their free surfaces

Ex:Lining of trachea-sweeps mucus and dust to the pharynx
Lining of fallopian tube-sweeps ovum toward uterus

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14
Q

Glands

A

cells or organs that secret something

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15
Q

Unicellular glands

A

One cell

Ex: Goblet cells-secret mucus

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16
Q

Multicellular glands

A

Dividing into two major groups: exocrine glands and endocrine glands

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17
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Have ducts (tubes) to take the secretion away from the gland to the site of its function

Ex: Salivary glands, for example, secret saliva that is carried by ducts to the oral cavity

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18
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Are ductless glands.

The secretions of endocrine glands are hormones, which enter capillaries and are circulated throughout the body.

Ex: thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland

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19
Q

Both exocrine and endocrine gland

A

The pancreas.

Exocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes

endocrine portion secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon directly into the blood

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20
Q

Connective tissues

A

Hold things together

The matrix is a structural network or solution of non living intercellular material

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21
Q

Blood

A

Plasma (matrix) and red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Within blood vessels
Plasma-transports materials
RBCs-carry oxygen
WBCs- destroy pathogens
Platelets-prevent blood loss

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22
Q

Aerolar

A

made of fibroblasts
Contains mast cells

connects skin to muscles

wbc’s destroy pathogens

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23
Q

Adipose

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A

Adipocytes that store fat (little matrix)

Stores energy and provides cushioning (white fat)

Brown fat generates heat

24
Q

Fibrous

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A

mostly collagen fibers (matrix) with few fibroblasts

Gives strength, yet flexible
Found in inner layer of skin, outer walls of arteries, and tendons/ligaments
Poor blood supply, makes repair a slow process

25
Elastic
more elastin, less fibroblasts provides elasticity and stretch found in walls of larger arteries-helps maintain blood pressure around alveoli lungs- promotes normal exhalation
26
Bone
Osteocytes in a matrix of calcium, salts and collagen Bones support the body and attach muscles
27
Cartilage
chondrocytes flexible protein matrix helps prevent friction, absorbs shock and permits movement within the wall of the trachea on joint surfaces of bones tip of nose and outer ear between vertebrae
28
Muscle tissue
specialized for contractions Contains skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
29
Skeletal Muscle
Large cylindrical cells with striations and several nuclei each. Attached to bones •moves the skeleton and produces heat Essential to cause contraction (voluntary)
30
Smooth muscle
small tapered cells with no striations and one nucleus each Within walls of arteries •maintains blood pressure Within the walls of stomach and intestines •peristalsis (helps propel food through digestive tract) Iris of the eye •regulates size of pupil Brings about contraction or regulate the rate of contraction (involuntary)
31
Cardiac Muscle
Branched cells with faint striations and one nucleus Forms the walls of the chambers of the heart *pumps blood Regulate only the rate of contraction (involuntary)
32
Nerve tissue
consists of nerve cells called neurons and some specialized cells found only in the nervous system.
33
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord Made of neurons and neuroglia
34
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Consist of all the nerves that emerge from CNS and supply the rest of the body Made of neurons and Schwann cells
35
Neuron (nerve cell)
Consist of a cell body, axon and dendrites
36
Cell body of neuron
Contains the nucleus Regulates the functioning of the neuron
37
Axon
A cellular extension that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body A neuron only has one Axon
38
Dendrites
A cellular extension that carry electrical impulses toward the cell of the body A neuron may have several or many dendrites
39
Synapse
Space between axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the next neuron Transmits impulses from one neuron to others by means of chemicals (neurotransmitters)
40
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals released by axons Transmit impulses across synapses
41
Neuroglia
Specialized cells in the central nervous system Form myelin sheaths and other functions
42
Schwann cells
Specialized cells in the peripheral nervous system Dorm the myelin sheaths around neurons
43
Epithelial membranes
Two types of Epithelial membranes, serous and mucous
44
Serous membranes
Sheets of simple squamous epithelium that line some closed body cavities and cover the organs in these cavities
45
Pleural membranes
Serous membranes of the thoracic cavity Parietal pleura-lines the chest wall Visceral pleura- covers the lungs Secrete serous fluid, which prevents friction between them as the lungs expand and recoil during breathing
46
The heart in the the thoracic cacity
Parietal pericardium- lines the fibrous pericardium Visceral pericardium or epicardium- on the surface of the heart muscle serous fluid is produced to prevents friction as the heart beats
47
Abdominal cavity
Peritoneum- serous membrane that lines the cavity Mesentery- folded over and covers the abdominal organs Serous fluid prevents friction as the stomach and intestines contract and slide against each other
48
Mucous membranes
lines the body tracts (systems) that have openings to the environment. Respiratory, digestive, reproductive tracts. The mucus secreted by these membranes keeps the lining of the epithelial wet.
49
Superficial fascia
Between the skin and muscles; adipose tissue stores fat; WBCs destroy pathogens that enter breaks in the skin
50
Periosteum
Covers each bone; contains blood vessels that enter the bone Anchors tendons from muscles and ligaments from other bones
51
Perichondrium
Covers cartilage; contains capillaries, the only blood supply for cartilage
52
Synovial
Lines joint cavities; secretes synovial fluid to prevent friction when joints move
53
Deep fascia
Covers each skeletal muscle; anchors tendons
54
Meninges
Cover the brain and spinal cord (line the cranial and spinal cavities); contain cerebrospinal fluid
55
Fibrous Pericardium
Forms a sac around the heart; lined by the serous parietal pericardium

A&P (17 decks)

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