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chapter 10 nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.

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2
Q

afferent nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve).

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3
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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4
Q

astrocyte

A

type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries.

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.

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6
Q

axon

A

microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell.

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7
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.

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8
Q

brainstem

A

lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata.

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9
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.

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10
Q

cell body

A

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus.

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11
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and the spinal cord.

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12
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain.

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14
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.

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15
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

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16
Q

cranial nerves

A

twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve).

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17
Q

dendrite

A

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse.

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18
Q

dura mater

A

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord.

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19
Q

efferent nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.

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20
Q

ependymal cell

A

glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid.

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21
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

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22
Q

glial cell (neuroglial cell)

A

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes.

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23
Q

gyrus

A

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution.

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24
Q

hypothalamus

A

portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.

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25
medulla oblongata
part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.
26
meninges
three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
27
microglial cell
phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system.
28
motor nerve
carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve
29
myelin sheath
covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons.
30
nerve
macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses.
31
neuron
nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body.
32
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
33
oligodendroglial cell
glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons.
34
parasympathetic nerves
involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the GI tract.
35
parenchyma
essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons. Parenchymal cells of the liver are hepatocytes, and parenchymal tissue of the kidney includes the nephrons, where urine is formed.
36
peripheral nervous system
nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
37
pia mater
thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
38
plexus
large, interlacing network of nerves. examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial.
39
pons
part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain.
40
receptor
organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors.
41
sciatic nerve
nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot. Sciatica is pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve.
42
sensory nerve
carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve.
43
spinal nerves
thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.
44
stimulus
agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.
45
stroma
connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain.
46
sulcus
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.
47
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.
48
synapse
space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.
49
thalamus
main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum.
50
vagus nerve
tenth cranial nerve; it's branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach.
51
ventricles of the brain
canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
52
cerebell/o
cerebellum
53
cerebr/o
cerebrum
54
dur/o
dura mmater
55
encephal/o
brain
56
gli/o
glial cells
57
lept/o
thin, slender
58
mening/o, meningi/o
membranes, meninges
59
my/o
muscle
60
myel/o
spinal cord
61
neur/o
nerve
62
pont/o
pons
63
radicul/o
nerve root
64
thalam/o
thalamus
65
thec/o
sheath (refers to the meninges)
66
vag/o
vagus nerve
67
alges/o, -algesia
excessive sensitivity to pain
68
-algia
pain
69
caus/o
burning
70
comat/o
deep sleep (coma)
71
esthesi/o, -esthesia
feeling, nervous sensation
72
kines/o
movement
73
-lepsy
seizure
74
lex/o
word, phrase
75
-paresis
weakness
76
-phasia
speech
77
-plegia
paralysis
78
-praxia
action
79
-sthenia
strength
80
syncop/o
to cut off, cut short
81
tax/o
order, coordination
82
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain.
83
spina bifida
congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect).
84
Alzheimer disease (AD)
Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning.
85
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. Lou Gehrig disease.
86
epilepsy
chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity.
87
Huntington disease
Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration.
88
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.
89
myasthenia gravis (MG)
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles.
90
palsy
paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function).
91
Bell palsy
paralysis on one side of the face, caused by viral infection, therapy is directed against the virus.
92
Parkinson disease
degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.
93
Tourette syndrome
involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.
94
herpes zoster (shingles)
viral infection affecting peripheral nerves
95
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis.
96
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.
97
brain tumor
abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges.
98
cerebral concussion
temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours.
99
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours.
100
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.
101
migraine
severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.
102
absence seizure
minor (petit mal) form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings.
103
aneurysm
enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke).
104
astrocytoma
malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells).
105
aura
peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure.
106
dementia
mental decline and deterioration
107
demyelination
destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in multiple sclerosis).
108
dopamine
CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease.
109
embolus
clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel.
110
gait
manner of walking
111
ictal event
pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure.
112
occlusion
blockage
113
palliative
relieving symptoms but not curing them.
114
thymectomy
removal of the thymus gland (a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest); used as treatment for myasthenia gravis.
115
TIA
transient ischemic attack
116
tic
involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristic of tourette syndrome.
117
tonic-clonic seizure
major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.
118
cerebrospinal fluid analysis
samples of CSF are examined
119
cerebral angiography
x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the brain after injection of contrast material.
120
computed tomography (CT) of the brain
x-ray technique that generates computerized multiple images of the brain and spinal cord.
121
myelography
x-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space.
122
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord.
123
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells.
124
doppler ultrasound studies
sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries.
125
electroencephalography (EEG)
recording of the electrical activity of the brain.
126
lumbar puncture (LP)
CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis
127
stereotactic radiosurgery
use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain.

medical terminology (18 decks)

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