chapter 5 digestive system Flashcards
1
Q
gastrointestinal tract
A
digestive tract that begins with the mouth and ends with the anus.
2
Q
four functions of the gastrointestinal tract
A
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
3
Q
digested
A
broken down mechanically and chemically
4
Q
enzymes
A
speed up chemical reactions and aid the breakdown of complex nutrients
5
Q
amino acids
A
complex proteins are digested to simpler AA
6
Q
glucose
A
complicated sugars are reduced to simple sugars such as glucose
7
Q
triglycerides
A
three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol
8
Q
absorption
A
digested food passes through the lining cells or epithelium of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.
9
Q
elimination
A
elimination of the solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream. the large intestine concentrates these solid wastes, feces, and passes it out of the body
10
Q
amylase
A
enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch
11
Q
anus
A
terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
12
Q
appendix
A
blind pouch hanging from the cecum in RLQ
13
Q
bile
A
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. it breaks up large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall because of the bitter taste. it is composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts
14
Q
bilirubin
A
pigment released by liver in bile
15
Q
bowel
A
intestine
16
Q
canine teeth
A
pointed, dog like teeth next to the incisors.
17
Q
cecum
A
first part of the large intestine
18
Q
colon
A
large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum
19
Q
common bile duct
A
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
20
Q
defecation
A
elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus.
21
Q
deglutition
A
swallowing
22
Q
dentin
A
primary material found in teeth. it is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
23
Q
digestion
A
breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
24
Q
duodenum
A
first part of the small intestine. Duo=2 den=10, it’s 12 inches long
25
emulsification
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.
26
enamel
hard, outermost layer of a tooth
27
esophagus
tube connecting the throat to the stomach
28
fatty acids
substances produced when fats are digested
29
feces
sold waste, stool
30
gallbladder
small sac under the liver; stores bile.
31
glucose
simple sugar
32
glycogen
starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
33
hydrochloric acid
substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.
34
ileum
third part of the small intestine; from the greek eilos, meaning twisted. when the abdomen was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted, and the ileum often was an area of obstruction
35
incisor
one of four front teeth in the dental arch
36
insulin
hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. it transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.
37
jejunum
second part of the small intestine. the latin jejunus means empty; this part of the intestine was always empty when a body was examed after death.
38
lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
39
liver
a large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. the liver secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. the normal adult liver weighs about 2.5 to 3 pounds.
40
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. also called the cardiac sphincter
41
mastication
chewing
42
molar teeth
the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. Premolar teeth are the fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars.
43
palate
roof of the mouth. the hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla). the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat.
44
pancreas
organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods)
45
papillae
small elevations on the tongue. a papilla is a nipple-like elevation.
46
parotid gland
salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
47
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. in the GI tract, peristalsis moves the contents through at different rates: stomach, 0.5-2 hrs; small intestine, 2-6 hrs; colon, 6-72 hrs.
48
pharynx
throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose.
49
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
50
protease
enzyme that digests protein.
51
pulp
soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
52
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.
53
pylorus
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum.
54
rectum
last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus.
55
rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.
56
saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands.
57
salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
58
sigmoid colon
fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum.
59
sphincter
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening.
60
stomach
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. the stomach's parts are the fundus, body, and antrum.
61
triglycerides
fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol.
62
uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate.
63
villi
microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
64
an/o
anus
65
append/o, appendic/o
appendix
66
bucc/o
cheek
67
cec/o
cecum
68
celi/o
belly, abdomen
69
cheil/o
lip
70
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
71
choledoch/o
common bile duct
72
col/o
colon, large intestine
73
colon/o
colon
74
dent/i
tooth
75
duoden/o
duodenum
76
enter/o
intestines
77
esophag/o
esophagus
78
faci/o
face
79
gastr/o
stomach
80
gingiv/o
gums
81
gloss/o
tongue
82
hepat/o
liver
83
ile/o
ileum
84
jejun/o
jejunum
85
labi/o
lips
86
lapar/o
abdomen
87
lingu/o
tongue
88
mandibul/o
lower jaw, mandible
89
odont/o
tooth
90
or/o
mouth
91
palat/o
palate
92
pancreat/o
pancreas
93
peritone/o
peritoneum
94
pharyng/o
throat
95
proct/o
anus and rectum
96
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
97
rect/o
rectum
98
sialaden/o
salivary gland
99
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
100
stomat/o
mouth
101
uvul/o
uvula
102
amyl/o
starch
103
bil/i
gall, bile
104
bilirubin/o
bilirubin
105
chol/e
gall, bile
106
chlorhydr/o
hydrochloric acid
107
gluc/o
sugar
108
glyc/o
sugar
109
glycogen/o
glycogen, animal starch
110
lip/o
fat, lipid
111
lith/o
stone
112
prote/o
protein
113
sial/o
saliva, salivary
114
steat/o
fat
115
-ase
enzyme
116
-chezia
defecation, elimination of wastes
117
-iasis
abnormal condition
118
-prandial
meal
119
anorexia
lack of appetite, a sign of malignancy or liver disease.
120
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. fluid passes from the bloodstream and collects in the peritoneal cavity.
121
borborygmus
rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract.
122
constipation
difficulty in passing stools.
123
diarrhea
frequent passage of loose, watery stools
124
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing.
125
eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (belching)
126
flatus
gas expelled through the anus (flatulence)
127
hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum.
128
jaundice (icterus)
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
129
melena
black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood.
130
nausea
unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit.
131
steatorrhea
fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter.
132
aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers, canker sores
133
dental caries
tooth decay
134
herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the hyerpesvirus.
135
oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth.
136
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.
137
achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax.
138
esophageal cancer
malignant tumor of the esophagus.
139
esophageal varices
swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus.
140
gastric cancer
malignant tumor of the stomach
141
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach.
142
hernia
protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.
143
peptic ulcer
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
144
anal fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
145
colonic polyps
polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.
146
colorectal cancer
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both.
147
crohn disease (crohn's)
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon).
148
diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall
149
dysentery
painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection.
150
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region.
151
ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines.
152
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
153
irritable bowel syndrome
group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension.
154
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers.
155
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself
156
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the bladder
157
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver.
158
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
159
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
160
viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
