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medical terminology > Chapter 18 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.

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2
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

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3
Q

ovaries

A

located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion.

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4
Q

pancreas

A

located behind the stomach. Islet (alpha and beta) cells (islet of Langerhans) secrete hormones from the pancreas. The pancreas also contains cells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct into the small intestine to aid digestion.

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5
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland. Some people may have three or five parathyroid glands.

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6
Q

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).

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7
Q

testes

A

two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion.

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8
Q

thyroid gland

A

located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine.

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9
Q

adrenaline (epinephrine)

A

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.

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10
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); also called adrenocorticotropin. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex.

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11
Q

aldosterone

A

secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt (sodium) reabsorption.

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12
Q

androgen

A

male hormone secreted by the testes and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex; testosterone is an example.

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13
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis). ADH (vasopressin) increases reabsorption of water by the kidney.

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14
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels.

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15
Q

cortisol

A

secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar. It is secreted in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect.

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16
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates airways (sympathomimetic). It is part of the body’s “fight or flight” reaction.

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17
Q

estradiol

A

estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries.

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18
Q

estrogen

A

female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex. Examples are estradiol and estrone.

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19
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis). FSH stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by the testes.

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20
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancreas; increases blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch) to glucose.

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21
Q

growth hormone (GH); somatotropin

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues.

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22
Q

insulin

A

secreted by beta islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin helps glucose (sugar) to pass into cells, and it promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen.

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23
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.

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24
Q

norepinephrine

A

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure (sympathomimetic).

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25
oxytocin (OT)
secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth.
26
parathormone (PTH)
secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium.
27
progesterone
secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
28
prolactin (PRL)
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); promotes milk secretion.
29
somatotropin (STH)
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis): growth hormone
30
testosterone
male hormone secreted by the testes.
31
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis). TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning.
32
thyroxine (T4)
secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tetraiodothyronine. T4 increases metabolism in cells.
33
triiodothyronine (T3)
secreted by the thyroid gland; T3 increases metabolism in cells.
34
vasopressin
secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
35
catecholamines
hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla. epinephrine is a catecholamine.
36
corticosteroids
hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex. Examples are cortisol (raises sugar levels), aldosterone (raises salt reabsorption by kidneys), and androgens and estrogens (sex hormones).
37
electrolyte
mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium are electrolytes.
38
glucocorticoid
steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response.
39
homeostasis
tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment
40
hormone
substance, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland.
41
hypothalamus
region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. it secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland.
42
mineralocorticoid
steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example.
43
receptor
cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited.
44
sella turcica
cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland.
45
sex hormones
steroids (androgens and estrogens) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics.
46
steroid
complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol), and of which many hormones are made.
47
sympathomimetic
pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenaline is a sympathomimetic hormone (it raises blood pressure and heart rate and dilates airways).
48
target tissue
cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.
49
aden/o
gland
50
adren/o, adrenal/o
adrenal gland
51
gonad/o
sex glands
52
pancreat/o
pancreas
53
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
54
pituitar/o
pituitary gland; hypophysis
55
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
56
andr/o
male
57
calc/o
calcium
58
cortic/o
cortex, outer region
59
crin/o
secrete
60
dips/o
thirst
61
estr/o
female
62
gluc/o
sugar
63
glyc/o
sugar
64
home/o
sameness
65
hormon/o
hormone
66
kal/i
potassium
67
lact/o
milk
68
myx/o
mucus
69
natr/o
sodium
70
phys/o
growing
71
somat/o
body
72
ster/o
solid structure
73
toc/o
childbirth
74
toxic/o
poison
75
ur/o
urine
76
-agon
assemble, gather together
77
-emia
blood condition
78
-in, -ine
a substance
79
-tropin
stimulating the function of
80
-uria
urine condition
81
eu-
good, normal
82
hyper-
excessive; above
83
hypo-
deficient; below under; less than normal
84
oxy-
rapid, sharp, acid
85
pan-
all
86
tetra-
four
87
tri-
three
88
hyperthyroidism
overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis
89
hypothyroidism
underactivity of the thyroid gland
90
thyroid carcinoma
cancer of the thyroid gland
91
hyperparathyroidism
excessive production of parathormone
92
hypoparathyroidism
deficient production of parathyroid hormone
93
adrenal virilism
excessive secretion of adrenal androgens
94
cushing syndrome
group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex. obesity, rounded face, thin skin that bruises easy, and muscle weakness.
95
Addison disease
hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex.
96
pheochromocytoma
benign tumor of the adrenal medulla; tumor cells stain a dark or dusky color.
97
hyperinsulinism
excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia.
98
diabetes mellitus (DM)
lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells.
99
acromegaly
hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities.
100
gigantism
hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues.
101
dwarfism
congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism
102
panhypopituitarism
deficiency of all pituitary hormones
103
syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone.
104
diabetes insipidus (DI)
insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin).
105
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
also known as fasting blood sugar test. Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours.
106
serum and urine tests
measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function.
107
thyroid function tests
measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream.
108
exophthalmometry
measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer.
109
computed tomography (CT) scan
x-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumor.
110
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities.
111
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) scan
radioactive iodine is administered orally, and its uptake by the thyroid gland is imaged to assess thyroid function.
112
thyroid scan
scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland after intravenous administration of a radioactive (technetium) compound.
113
ultrasound examination
sound waves show images of endocrine organs.

medical terminology (18 decks)

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