chapter 7 urinary system

Question 1

arteriole

Answer 1

small artery

Question 2

calyx

Answer 2

cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

Question 3

catheter

Answer 3

tube for injecting or removing fluids

Question 4

cortex

Answer 4

outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney

Question 5

creatinine

Answer 5

nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. creatinine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood.

Question 6

electrolyte

Answer 6

chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. electrolytes are necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves. the kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood. K and Na are electrolytes

Question 7

erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 7

hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow.

Question 8

filtration

Answer 8

process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter. in the kidney, blood pressure forces materials through the filter (glomerulus). About 180 quarts of fluid are filtered from the blood daily, but the kidney returns 98% to 99% of the water and salts. Only about 1.5 quarts of urine are excreted daily.

Question 9

glomerular capsule

Answer 9

enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. The glomerular capsule is also known as Bowman capsule and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.

Question 10

glomerulus

Answer 10

tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney.

Question 11

hilum

Answer 11

depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.

Question 12

kidney

Answer 12

one of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region; it filters nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream to form urine.

Question 13

meatus

Answer 13

opening or canal

Question 14

medulla

Answer 14

inner region of an organ. the renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney (medullary means pertaining to the medulla)

Question 15

nephron

Answer 15

combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney. It is the functional unit of the kidney, each capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million nephrons in a kidney.

Question 16

nitrogenous waste

Answer 16

substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine.

Question 17

potassium

Answer 17

an electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. potassium is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses.

Question 18

reabsorption

Answer 18

process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.

Question 19

renal artery

Answer 19

blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.

Question 20

renal pelvis

Answer 20

central collecting region in the kidney

Question 21

renal tubule

Answer 21

microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

Question 22

renal vein

Answer 22

blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.

Question 23

renin

Answer 23

hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction.

Question 24

sodium

Answer 24

an electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions.

Question 25

trigone

Answer 25

triangular area in the urinary bladder

Question 26

urea

Answer 26

major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

Question 27

ureter

Answer 27

one of the two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Question 28

urethra

Answer 28

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

Question 29

uric acid

Answer 29

nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.

Question 30

urinary bladder

Answer 30

hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.

Question 31

urination (voiding)

Answer 31

process of expelling urine; also called micturition.

Question 32

cali/o

Answer 32

calyx

Question 33

cyst/o

Answer 33

urinary bladder

Question 34

glomerul/o

Answer 34

glomerulus

Question 35

meat/o

Answer 35

meatus

Question 36

nephr/o

Answer 36

kidney

Question 37

pyel/o

Answer 37

renal pelvis

Question 38

ren/o

Answer 38

kidney

Question 39

trigon/o

Answer 39

trigone

Question 40

ureter/o

Answer 40

ureter

Question 41

urethr/o

Answer 41

urethra

Question 42

vesic/o

Answer 42

urinary bladder

Question 43

albumin/o

Answer 43

albumin (a protein in the blood)

Question 44

azot/o

Answer 44

nitrogen

Question 45

bacteri/o

Answer 45

bacteria

Question 46

dips/o

Answer 46

thirst

Question 47

kal/o

Answer 47

potassium

Question 48

ket/o, keton/o

Answer 48

ketone bodies

Question 49

lith/o

Answer 49

stone

Question 50

natr/o

Answer 50

sodium

Question 51

noct/o

Answer 51

night

Question 52

olig/o

Answer 52

scanty

Question 53

-poietin

Answer 53

substance that forms

Question 54

py/o

Answer 54

pus

Question 55

-tripsy

Answer 55

crushing

Question 56

ur/o

Answer 56

urine (urea)

Question 57

urin/o

Answer 57

urine

Question 58

-uria

Answer 58

urination; urine condition

Question 59

glomerulonephritis

Answer 59

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

Question 60

interstitial nephritis

Answer 60

inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules.

Question 61

nephrolithiasis

Answer 61

kidney stones (renal calculi)

Question 62

nephrotic syndrome

Answer 62

group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine.

Question 63

polycystic kidney disease

Answer 63

multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney.

Question 64

pyelonephritis

Answer 64

inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma.

Question 65

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

Answer 65

cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood

Question 66

renal failure

Answer 66

kidney decreases excretion of wastes as a result of impaired filtration function.

Question 67

renal hypertension

Answer 67

high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

Question 68

Wilms tumor

Answer 68

malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood.

Question 69

bladder cancer

Answer 69

malignant tumor of the urinary bladder.

Question 70

diabetes insipidus

Answer 70

antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect.

Question 71

diabetes mellitus

Answer 71

insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body.

Question 72

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 72

measurement of urea levels in blood.

Question 73

creatinine clearance

Answer 73

measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney.

Question 74

CT scan

Answer 74

x-ray images show multiple cross-sectional and other views of organs and tissues.

Question 75

kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)

Answer 75

x-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

Question 76

renal angiography

Answer 76

x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney.

Question 77

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

Answer 77

x-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder.

Question 78

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

Answer 78

x-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding.

Question 79

ultrasonography

Answer 79

imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves.

Question 80

radioisotope scan

Answer 80

image of the kidney after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream.

Question 81

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 81

changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body.

Question 82

cystoscopy

Answer 82

direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope.

Question 83

dialysis

Answer 83

process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood.

Question 84

hemodialysis (HD)

Answer 84

uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from the patients bloodstream, filters it, and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient's body.

Question 85

peritoneal dialysis (PD)

Answer 85

uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity.

Question 86

lithotripsy

Answer 86

urinary tract stones are crushed.

Question 87

renal angioplasty

Answer 87

dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries.

Question 88

renal biopsy

Answer 88

removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination.

Question 89

renal transplantation

Answer 89

surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient.

Question 90

urinary catheterization

Answer 90

passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder.