chapter 11 cardiovascular system Flashcards
1
Q
aorta
A
largest artery in the body
2
Q
arteriole
A
small artery
3
Q
artery
A
largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Notice that artery and away begin with “a”
4
Q
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
A
specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them.
5
Q
atrioventricular node (AV node)
A
specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (sa node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles.
6
Q
atrium
A
one of two upper chambers of the heart.
7
Q
capillary
A
smallest blood vessel. Materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls.
8
Q
carbon dioxide
A
gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation.
9
Q
coronary arteries
A
blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
10
Q
deoxygenated blood
A
blood that is oxygen poor
11
Q
diastole
A
relaxation phase of the heartbeat.
12
Q
electrocardiogram
A
record of the electricity flowing through the heart. The electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T
13
Q
endocardium
A
inner lining of the heart.
14
Q
endothelium
A
innermost lining of blood vessels.
15
Q
mitral valve
A
valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve
16
Q
murmur
A
abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves.
17
Q
myocardium
A
muscular, middle layer of the heart.
18
Q
normal sinus rhythm
A
heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a resting rate of 60 to 100 bpm
19
Q
oxygen
A
gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells.
20
Q
pacemaker (SA node)
A
specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. An artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning.
21
Q
pericardium
A
double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
22
Q
pulmonary artery
A
artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs.
23
Q
pulmonary circulation
A
flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
24
Q
pulmonary valve
A
valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
25
pulmonary vein
one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
26
pulse
beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.
27
septum
partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum)
28
sinoatrial node (SA node)
pacemaker of the heart.
29
sphygmomanometer
instrument to measure blood pressure.
30
systemic circulation
flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues.
31
systole
contraction phase of the heartbeat.
32
tricuspid valve
located between the right atrium and right ventricle; it has three leaflets, or cusps
33
valve
structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes and opening so that blood flows in only one direction.
34
vein
thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart. veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.
35
vena cava
largest vein in the body. The superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart.
36
ventricle
one of two lower chambers of the heart.
37
venule
small vein.
38
angi/o
vessel
39
aort/o
aorta
40
arter/o, arteri/o
artery
41
ather/o
yellowish plaque, fatty substance
42
atri/o
atrium, upper heart chamber
43
brachi/o
arm
44
cardi/o
heart
45
cholesterol/o
cholesterol (a lipid substance)
46
coron/o
heart
47
cyan/o
blue
48
myx/o
mucus
49
ox/o
oxygen
50
pericardi/o
pericardium
51
phleb/o
vein
52
rrhythm/o
rhythm
53
sphygm/o
pulse
54
steth/o
chest
55
thromb/o
clot
56
valvul/o, valv/o
valve
57
vas/o
vessel
58
vascul/o
vessel
59
ven/o, ven/i
vein
60
ventricul/o
ventricle, lower heart chamber
61
arrhythmias
abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)
62
bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)
failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
63
flutter
rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria
64
fibrillation
very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)
65
congenital heart disease
abnormalities in the heart at birth
66
coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
congenital, narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta.
67
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
congenital, passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth.
68
septal defects
congenital, small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects).
69
tetralogy of Fallot
congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct heart defects.
70
congestive heart failure (CHF)
heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood.
71
coronary artery disease (CAD)
disease of the arteries surrounding the heart. Usually the result of atherosclerosis.
72
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.
73
hypertensive heart disease
high blood pressure affecting the heart.
74
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
improper closure of the mitral valve
75
murmur
extra heart sound, heard between normal beats.
76
pericarditis
inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart.
77
rheumatic heart disease
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever.
78
aneurysm
local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall.
79
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb.
80
hypertension (HTN)
high blood pressure
81
peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs.
82
Raynaud disease
recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes.
83
varicose veins
abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs.
84
acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)
unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries.
85
angina (pectoris)
chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. Stable angina occurs predictably with exertion; unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion.
86
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate. It prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death.
87
auscultation
listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope.
88
beta-blocker
drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. It blocks the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart.
89
biventricular pacemaker
device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart.
90
bruit
abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ.
91
calcium channel blocker
drug used to treat angina and hypertension. It dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels.
92
cardiac arrest
sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action; sudden cardiac death.
93
cardiac tamponade
pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space.
94
claudication
pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest.
95
digoxin
drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat.
96
embolus
clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel.
97
infarction
area of dead tissue
98
nitrates
drugs used in the treatment of angina. they dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue.
99
nitroglycerin
nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina.
100
occlusion
closure of a blood vessel due to blockage.
101
palpitations
uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).
102
patent
open
103
pericardial friction rub
scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis.
104
petechiae
small, pinpoint hemorrhages
105
statins
drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream
106
thrill
vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery).
107
vegetations
clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves.
108
BNP test
measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood.
109
cardiac biomarkers
chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack.
110
lipid tests (lipid profile)
measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample.
111
lipoprotein electrophoresis
lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample.
112
angiography
x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material.
113
computed tomography angiography (CTA)
three-dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (CT)
114
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels.
115
electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)
electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD.
116
Doppler ultrasound studies
sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels.
117
echocardiography (ECHO)
echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart.
118
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose.
119
technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan
technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning.
120
thallium 201 scan
concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle.
121
cardiac MRI
images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field
122
cardiac catheterization
thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery.
123
electrocardiography (ECG)
recording of electricity flowing through the heart.
124
Holter monitoring
an ECG device is worn during a 24 hr period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.
125
stress test
exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart's response to physical exertion (stress)
126
catheter ablation
brief delivery of radiofrequency or cryosurgery to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias
127
coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages.
128
defibrillation
brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation).
129
endarterectomy
surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery.
130
extracorporeal circulation
heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired.
131
heart transplantation
a donor heart is transferred to a recipient.
132
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place.
133
thrombolytic therapy
drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis.
