Chapter 11

Question 1

analytical psychology

Answer 1

Jung’s theory focusing on the balance of opposing forces within one’s personality and the significance of the collective unconscious

Question 2

archetype

Answer 2

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

Question 3

collective unconscious

Answer 3

common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next

Question 4

congruence

Answer 4

state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar

Question 5

incongruence

Answer 5

state of being in which there is a great discrepancy between our real and ideal selves

Question 6

individual psychology

Answer 6

school of psychology proposed by Adler that focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority

Question 7

inferiority complex

Answer 7

refers to a person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to others’ or to society’s standards

Question 8

neurosis

Answer 8

tendency to experience negative emotions

Question 9

real self

Answer 9

person who we actually are

Question 10

reciprocal determinism

Answer 10

belief that one’s environment can determine behavior, but at the same time, people can influence the environment with both their thoughts and behaviors

Question 11

selective migration

Answer 11

concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs

Question 12

Free Association

Answer 12

person says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Question 13

Dream Interpretation

Answer 13

unacceptable impulses and desires come through in disguised or altered forms during dreams

Question 14

Personality

Answer 14

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Question 15

Conscious

Answer 15

all things we are aware of at any given moment

Question 16

Preconscious

Answer 16

everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness

Question 17

Unconscious

Answer 17

inaccessible warehouse of anxiety-producing thoughts and drives

Question 18

Id

Answer 18

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy, sexual and aggressive drives, pleasure principle

Question 19

Superego

Answer 19

Represents internalized ideals, morality principle

Question 20

Ego

Answer 20

“Executive” part of personality. Mediates the id, superego, and ego, reality principle

Question 21

Psychosexual Stages

Answer 21

Freud’s five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone

Question 22

Fixation

Answer 22

an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it was achieved in earlier stages

Question 23

Oral Stage (birth-1 year)

Answer 23

Mouth is associated with sexual pleasure

Question 24

Oral Dependent

Answer 24

Passive, gullible, weaned too late

Question 25

Oral Aggressive

Answer 25

Cruel, sarcastic, weaned too early

Question 26

Anal Stage (1-3 years)

Answer 26

Anus is associated with pleasure, Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly

Question 27

Anal Retentive

Answer 27

compulsive, orderly, cleanly harsh potty training

Question 28

Anal Expulsive

Answer 28

messy, careless, informal lax potty training

Question 29

Phallic Stage (3-5 Years)

Answer 29

pleasure shifts to the genitals

Question 30

Oedipus Complex (boys)

Answer 30

Sexual desire for mom, hatred of dad, fear of castration

Question 31

Electra Complex (girls)

Answer 31

Sexual desire for dad, anger at mom for not giving her a penis

Question 32

Latency Stage (5-Puberty)

Answer 32

Sexuality is repressed, rapid growth of superego, same-sex friendships

Question 33

Genital Stage (Puberty on)

Answer 33

Sexual feelings reemerge and are oriented toward others

Question 34

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 34

Methods for dealing with anxiety, inappropriate thoughts and feelings

Question 35

Repression

Answer 35

Involuntarily removing an unpleasant memory or barring disturbing sexual and aggressive impulses from consciousness, forgetting a term paper is due

Question 36

Projection

Answer 36

Attributing one’s own undesirable thoughts, impulses, traits, or behaviors to others, vain person believes others to be too self focused

Question 37

Denial

Answer 37

Refusing to acknowledge consciously the existence of danger or a threatening condition, refusing to believe that a child’s terminal illness is terminal

Question 38

Regression

Answer 38

Reverting to a behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development, an adult becomes dependent on their parents after the breakup of their marriage

Question 39

Rationalization

Answer 39

Supplying a logical, rational, socially acceptable reason rather than the real reason for an action, failing an exam because “teaching hates me”

Question 40

Sublimation

Answer 40

Rechanneling sexual or aggressive energy into pursuits that society considers acceptable or admirable, a hostile person becomes a dentist

Question 41

Reaction formation

Answer 41

Denying an unacceptable impulse, often sexual or aggressive, by giving strong conscious expression to its opposite, same-sex sexual urges turn into angry anti-gay statements

Question 42

Displacement

Answer 42

Substituting a less threatening object for the original object of an impulse, pick a fight with your significant other after being criticized by your boss

Question 43

Flaws of Freud's Theory

Answer 43

Fails to predict behavior beforehand, unsupported by current research, unclear definitions, sexist

Question 44

Trait

Answer 44

internally based, relatively stable characteristics that define an individual’s personality

Question 45

Choleric

Answer 45

Unstable + Extraverted

Question 46

Sanguine

Answer 46

Stable + Extraverted

Question 47

Phlegmatic

Answer 47

Stable + Extraverted

Question 48

Melancholic

Answer 48

Unstable + Introverted

Question 49

Geopyschology

Answer 49

the systematic study of regional differences in the distribution of personality traits

Question 50

Psychopathy

Answer 50

Impulsive, Emotionally Cold, Remorseless

Question 51

Machiavellianism

Answer 51

Manipulative, self-interested, domineering

Question 52

Narcissism

Answer 52

Grandiosity, perceived superiority, entitlement

Question 53

Personality Inventory

Answer 53

a questionnaire to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors

Question 54

Projective Test

Answer 54

a test, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

Question 55

Graphology

Answer 55

The study of handwriting to analyze personality