Chapter 11 Cell growth and division

Question 1

asexual reproduction

Answer 1

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

Question 2

Sexual reporduction

Answer 2

two parents each form reproductive cells that have one half the number of chromosomes

Question 3

Pros and cons of asexual reproduction

Answer 3

Asexual Reproduction:
PRO Quick process in ideal environmental conditions
No need for two parents
Offspring are genetically identical to the parent
CON No genetic variation; no combination of traits from each parent

Question 4

Pros and cons of sexual reproduction.

Answer 4

Sexual reproduction:
PRO-Genetic variation; allows for combination of traits from each parent
Offspring are genetically different from the parentsRequires two parents
More complex process
CON- Energy inducing and Requires two parents More complex process

Question 5

Are organisms able to use both sexual and Asexual reproduction?

Answer 5

Yes some organisms are able to utilize both sexual and asexual reproduction.

Question 6

Examples of Organisms that use asexual reproduction

Answer 6

Bacteria, yeasts, some plants ex. Mosses and ferns.

Question 7

Protists

Answer 7

A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

Question 8

Surface Area to Volume conflict

Answer 8

As the Volume of the cell increases the surface area increases at a much higher rate.

Question 9

Chromosomes

Answer 9

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Question 10

Prokaryotic Chromosomes

Answer 10

lack a nucleus. DNA molecules found in the cytoplasm and contain a single chromosome.

Question 11

Eukaryotic chromosomes

Answer 11

have linear DNA molecules associated with a large amount of protein

Question 12

Chromatin

Answer 12

The strands of DNA found.
Later can be wrapped around histones and form a Nucleosome

Question 13

Chromatid

Answer 13

one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome
Half of the X

Question 14

Centromere

Answer 14

Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

Question 15

Nucleosome

Answer 15

Bead-like structure in eukaryotic chromatin, composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins

Question 16

Histones

Answer 16

protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

Question 17

cell cycle

Answer 17

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Question 18

Prokaryotic cell cycle

Answer 18

Growth until SA vs CV issue, Asexual(Preps for CD and replicates chromosomes, then divides), grows to reach maturity and for prokaryotes it can happen quickly in idea environment. Then starts Asexual Reproduction

Question 19

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

Answer 19

Interphase (g1, s phase, g2 phase) and then Mitotic phase (mitosis, cytokinesis)
G1: Growth till SA vs VC
S: Synthesis phase where chromosomes are replicated (happens sexually or asexually depending on the cell)
G2: Final prep for active cell division
M: Mitosis

Question 20

Mitosis

Answer 20

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

Question 21

Cytokinesis

Answer 21

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division
In plant cells this is done by forming of cell plate
In Animal cells the membranes pinch off forming 2 daughter cells.

Question 22

Interphase

Answer 22

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

Question 23

Prophase (mitosis)

Answer 23

chromatin condenses into chromosomes
centriole pairs separate, move toward opposite sides of the cell, and form spindle fibers made of microtubules
the fibers radiate outward from the centrioles
nuclear membrane dissolves which allows spindle fibers to contact chromosomes

Question 24

Metaphase

Answer 24

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Question 25

Anaphase

Answer 25

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Question 26

Telophase

Answer 26

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

Question 27

cancer cells

Answer 27

Do not have a properly functioning cell-cycle system; instead, they divide excessively and can invade other tissues of the body

Question 28

malignant tumor

Answer 28

A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs.

Question 29

benign tumor

Answer 29

An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.

Question 30

treatments for cancer

Answer 30

radiation, chemotherapy, surgery

Question 31

name of cancer doctor

Answer 31

Oncologist

Question 32

Cyclin

Answer 32

one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

Question 33

Apoptosis

Answer 33

programmed cell death

Question 34

tumor

Answer 34

mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue

Question 35

cancer vs tumor

Answer 35

Cancer is a disease in which cells, almost anywhere in the body, begin to divide uncontrollably. A tumor is when this uncontrolled growth occurs in solid tissue such as an organ, muscle, or bone.

Question 36

regulatory proteins

Answer 36

proteins involved in the expression of control genes

Question 37

internal regulators

Answer 37

proteins that respond to events inside the cell. They act as check points to make sure the cell is ready to enter the next step of the cell cycle.

Question 38

external regulators

Answer 38

proteins that respond to events outside the cell

Question 39

growth factors

Answer 39

Regulatory proteins that ensure that the events of cell division occur in the proper sequence and at the correct rate.

Question 40

When do cyclin levels peak?

Answer 40

During the M phase

Question 41

How does apoptosis occur

Answer 41

Cell turns on internal mechanisms that initiate self-destruction

Question 42

What most commonly causes cells to become cancer cells?

Answer 42

A majority of cancer cells are missing the checkpoint protein p53 which usually stops the cell cycle until all chromosomes are properly duplicated. This can cause cells to loose their ability to function properly and can cause cancers cells to be created.

Question 43

embryo

Answer 43

An organism in the earliest stage of development

Question 44

Differentiation

Answer 44

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

Question 45

totipotent

Answer 45

Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.

Question 46

Blastocyst

Answer 46

stage of early development in mammals that consists of a hollow ball of cells

Question 47

Pluripotent

Answer 47

Cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types

Question 48

stem cells

Answer 48

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

Question 49

Multipotent

Answer 49

cell with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells

Question 50

Zygote

Answer 50

fertilized egg

Question 51

Haploid

Answer 51

(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

Question 52

Diploid

Answer 52

(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

Question 53

Examples of animals that reproduce asexually?

Answer 53

some lizards words and starfish. Asexual reproduction is very common in single-celled organisms, yet not as common in larger organisms it can still be found.