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Bio HO9 > Chapter 11 Cell growth and division > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Cell growth and division Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

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2
Q

Sexual reporduction

A

two parents each form reproductive cells that have one half the number of chromosomes

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3
Q

Pros and cons of asexual reproduction

A

Asexual Reproduction:
PRO Quick process in ideal environmental conditions
No need for two parents
Offspring are genetically identical to the parent
CON No genetic variation; no combination of traits from each parent

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4
Q

Pros and cons of sexual reproduction.

A

Sexual reproduction:
PRO-Genetic variation; allows for combination of traits from each parent
Offspring are genetically different from the parentsRequires two parents
More complex process
CON- Energy inducing and Requires two parents More complex process

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5
Q

Are organisms able to use both sexual and Asexual reproduction?

A

Yes some organisms are able to utilize both sexual and asexual reproduction.

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6
Q

Examples of Organisms that use asexual reproduction

A

Bacteria, yeasts, some plants ex. Mosses and ferns.

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7
Q

Protists

A

A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

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8
Q

Surface Area to Volume conflict

A

As the Volume of the cell increases the surface area increases at a much higher rate.

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

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10
Q

Prokaryotic Chromosomes

A

lack a nucleus. DNA molecules found in the cytoplasm and contain a single chromosome.

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11
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes

A

have linear DNA molecules associated with a large amount of protein

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

The strands of DNA found.
Later can be wrapped around histones and form a Nucleosome

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13
Q

Chromatid

A

one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome
Half of the X

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14
Q

Centromere

A

Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

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15
Q

Nucleosome

A

Bead-like structure in eukaryotic chromatin, composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins

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16
Q

Histones

A

protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

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17
Q

cell cycle

A

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

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18
Q

Prokaryotic cell cycle

A

Growth until SA vs CV issue, Asexual(Preps for CD and replicates chromosomes, then divides), grows to reach maturity and for prokaryotes it can happen quickly in idea environment. Then starts Asexual Reproduction

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19
Q

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

A

Interphase (g1, s phase, g2 phase) and then Mitotic phase (mitosis, cytokinesis)
G1: Growth till SA vs VC
S: Synthesis phase where chromosomes are replicated (happens sexually or asexually depending on the cell)
G2: Final prep for active cell division
M: Mitosis

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20
Q

Mitosis

A

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

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21
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division
In plant cells this is done by forming of cell plate
In Animal cells the membranes pinch off forming 2 daughter cells.

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22
Q

Interphase

A

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

23
Q

Prophase (mitosis)

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes
centriole pairs separate, move toward opposite sides of the cell, and form spindle fibers made of microtubules
the fibers radiate outward from the centrioles
nuclear membrane dissolves which allows spindle fibers to contact chromosomes

24
Q

Metaphase

A

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

25
Q

Anaphase

A

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

26
Q

Telophase

A

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

27
Q

cancer cells

A

Do not have a properly functioning cell-cycle system; instead, they divide excessively and can invade other tissues of the body

28
Q

malignant tumor

A

A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs.

29
Q

benign tumor

A

An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.

30
Q

treatments for cancer

A

radiation, chemotherapy, surgery

31
Q

name of cancer doctor

A

Oncologist

32
Q

Cyclin

A

one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

33
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

34
Q

tumor

A

mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue

35
Q

cancer vs tumor

A

Cancer is a disease in which cells, almost anywhere in the body, begin to divide uncontrollably. A tumor is when this uncontrolled growth occurs in solid tissue such as an organ, muscle, or bone.

36
Q

regulatory proteins

A

proteins involved in the expression of control genes

37
Q

internal regulators

A

proteins that respond to events inside the cell. They act as check points to make sure the cell is ready to enter the next step of the cell cycle.

38
Q

external regulators

A

proteins that respond to events outside the cell

39
Q

growth factors

A

Regulatory proteins that ensure that the events of cell division occur in the proper sequence and at the correct rate.

40
Q

When do cyclin levels peak?

A

During the M phase

41
Q

How does apoptosis occur

A

Cell turns on internal mechanisms that initiate self-destruction

42
Q

What most commonly causes cells to become cancer cells?

A

A majority of cancer cells are missing the checkpoint protein p53 which usually stops the cell cycle until all chromosomes are properly duplicated. This can cause cells to loose their ability to function properly and can cause cancers cells to be created.

43
Q

embryo

A

An organism in the earliest stage of development

44
Q

Differentiation

A

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

45
Q

totipotent

A

Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.

46
Q

Blastocyst

A

stage of early development in mammals that consists of a hollow ball of cells

47
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body’s cell types

48
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

49
Q

Multipotent

A

cell with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells

50
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

51
Q

Haploid

A

(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

52
Q

Diploid

A

(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

53
Q

Examples of animals that reproduce asexually?

A

some lizards words and starfish. Asexual reproduction is very common in single-celled organisms, yet not as common in larger organisms it can still be found.

Bio HO9 (11 decks)

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