Chapter 8 Cell structure and function Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Organelle
A
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
2
Q
Cells
A
Basic unit of life
3
Q
Eukaryotic cells
A
Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
4
Q
Tissue
A
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
5
Q
Organs
A
Tissues are organized into:, group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.
6
Q
Organ systems
A
A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
7
Q
Organism
A
A living thing
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Q
Population
A
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
9
Q
Community
A
All the different populations that live together in an area
10
Q
Ecosystem
A
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
11
Q
Biome
A
A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms
12
Q
Biotic
A
living
13
Q
Abiotic
A
Non-living
14
Q
desert
A
Hot/cold dry, Low organic content, daily temperature swings, low precipitation rate.
Organisms adapted to retain water, low water intake, commonly nocturnal
15
Q
Tundra
A
a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen.
16
Q
tropical rain forest biome
A
biome characterized by large amounts of rainfall, thick canopies and understories, little nutrients in the soil, and high biodiversity
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Q
Grassland Biome
A
land biome characterized by moderate rainfall, fields of grasses, and few trees
18
Q
Types of grasslands
A
Desert, Flooded, Montane, Tropical, Temperate
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Q
aquatic
A
relating to water
20
Q
temperate deciduous forest
A
forest in a temperate region, characterized by trees that drop their leaves annually
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Q
coniferous forest
A
Forest populated by cone-bearing evergreen trees; mostly found in northern latitudes
22
Q
Biosphere
A
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
23
Q
microscope
A
An instrument that makes small objects look larger
24
Q
Zacharias Janssen (Dutch 1590)
A
Eyeglass maker, created compound light microscope
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Robert Hooke (English 1665)
first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.
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Anton von Leeuwenhoek (Dutch 1670)
observed and described the first LIVING CELLS (little animalcules)
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Matthias Schleiden (German 1838)
1838 - concluded that all plants are made of cells
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Theodor Schwann (German 1839)
concluded that all animals are made of cells
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Rudolph Virchow (German/Eastern European 1855)
determined that cells come only from other cells
Mitosis - producing somatic cells
Meiosis - Makes sex cells
Countered the Theory of Spontaneous generation
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cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
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specimen
a single thing that is taken as an example of a whole category
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compound light microscope
microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image
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objective lens
The lens on a light microscope that is closest to the stage.
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ocular lens
Eyepiece of a microscope
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Resolution
clarity of image
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Diffraction
Occurs when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it
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light condenser
adjust light for the clearest image
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most living cells are ______
transparent
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chemical stains
used to make transparent cell structures more visible (cell membrane, nucleus, etc.)
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electron microscope
microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen
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transmission electron microscope
An electron microscope used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells
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scanning electron microscope
An electron microscope used to study the fine details of cell surfaces
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micrograph
photograph of the view through a microscope
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All cells contain
DNA, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm
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prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
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Cyanobacteria
Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis
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When did cyanobacteria evolve?
3 billion years ago
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Eukaryotic cells are what?
More complex and larger than prokaryotes
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Organelles means
little organs (French)
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cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
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Nucleus
Control center of the cell
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nuclear membrane
controls what goes in and out of the nucleus
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Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
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Nucleosis
where ribosomes are made
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Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
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Ribosomes
Makes proteins
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2 types of ribosomes
free and bound
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
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lipid bilayer (cell membrane)
the hydrophilic heads are on the inner and outer surface and the hydrophobic tails in the middle
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Rough ER
ER that is dotted with ribosomes
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Smooth ER
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
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Vesicles
End of ER pinches off to wrap around protein molecules
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Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
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Vacuole
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
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contractile proteins
Pumps water and waste materials out of the cell
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Lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes
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Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
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Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
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Flagella
whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement
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Microfilaments
Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell
Made of TUBULIN
Form Mitotic Spindle
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mitotic spindle
An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.
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Centrioles
Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only
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tubulin
protein that makes up microtubules
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Actin
thin filaments
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Hydrolsis
the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
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Semi-permeable
membranes that allow some substances through but not others
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intracellular
within the cell
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interceullar
between cells
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Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
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what are chloroplasts enclosed by?
double phospholipid membranes
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Stroma
fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids
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Thylakoid
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
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Grana
stacks of thylakoids
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Mitochondron is composed of
Stacks of Thylakoids, organized into collections of photosynthetic pigment, stacks of these are called Granas.
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Whats something Mitochondria/Chloroplasts contain that other organelles don't have?
Simple DNA
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What is the mitochondria composed of?
a smooth, continuous outer membrane with an inner folded membrane
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Where do humans get Mitochondria DNA from?
Your mother, making it a maternal trait
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Similarities between Mitochondria and Chloroplast
-both transform energy
-both make ATP
-both have double membranes
-both aren't part of the endo-membrane system
-both move, change shape, and divide on their own
-both have small ribosomes, circular DNA & make their own protein enzymes
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endosymbiotic theory
theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms
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Benefits to the chloroplast/mitochondria joining a cell
Protection
Access to larger array of organelles
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Permable
Characteristic of materials such as sand and gravel that allow water to pass easily through them.
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selectively permeable
a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
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fluid mosaic model
model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
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cell wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
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Porous
lets anything pass through
For cells; water, mineral salts, oxygen, CO2
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cell wall is made of
cellulose
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passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
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Aquaporins
water channel proteins
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Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
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Hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
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Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
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active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
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Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
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Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
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Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
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cellular junctions
the connection between neighboring cells; holds cells together
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Hormones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
