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Bio HO9 > Chapter 27 Human Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Human Anatomy Flashcards

(124 cards)

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in species over time

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2
Q

How does evolution occur

A

Mutation that benefit the orgnaism

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3
Q

Natural Selection

A

Live long enough to successfully reproduce and poss on favorable trait

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4
Q

Artificial selection

A

Man steps into the process and selects the trait that they favor in a given species.

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5
Q

Charles Darwin

A

English, Spoiled
Kicked out of college, parents paid for him to leave England
Sailed to Galapagos, W Coast of South America (Ecuador) on HMS Beagle

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6
Q

Levels of Biological organization

A

Subatomic Particles
Atom
Element
Molecule/Compound
Organelles
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Multicellular Organism
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

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7
Q

Digestive system Purpose

A

Breakdown food/liquids into smaller units

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8
Q

Components of Digestive system

A

Lips/Cheeks, Mouth, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary Gland, tastebuds, Throat/pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, Anus, Liver/Gall bladder, Pancreas.

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9
Q

Respiratory/Pulmonary system

A

Exchange gases involved in aerobic Cellular respiration
Breathing - Physical process of pumping air in/out

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10
Q

Parts of Respiratory system

A

Nose, Mout, Pharynx, Larynx, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Lung, Diaphragm

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11
Q

Circulatory/Cardiovascular system purpose

A

Transport raw materials and waste products throughout the body

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12
Q

Parts of Circulatory/Cardiovascular system

A

Heart, Blood vessels, Blood

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13
Q

Skeletal system purpose

A

Structure/shape support, Movement, Production of RBC, Storage of minerals and fat.

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14
Q

Parts of Skeletal system

A

Bones - 206, Bone marrow, Joints, Cartilage, Tendons/ligaments

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15
Q

Purpose of reproductive system

A

Create Gametes, Combine gametes, Provide location for fetal development

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16
Q

Parts of Reproductive system

A

-Ovaries
-Fallopian tubes
-Cervix
-Uterus
-Vagina
——————————————————————
-Testicles/Testes
-Vas deferens
-Urethra
-Penis
-Scrotum
-Sperm, mostly protein

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17
Q

Purpose of Muscular system

A

Locomotion/movement, Moving stuff through the body, structure/shape/support.

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18
Q

Parts of Muscular system

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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19
Q

Purpose of nervous system

A

Controlling all life functions
Transmit electrical messages to all body components
Receive electrical messages
stimulus/stiumuli

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20
Q

Parts of nervous system

A

-Brain
-Nerves
-Spinal Cord
-Neuron/Axon
-Sensory organs; nose, tongue, eyes, ears(sound and balance), skin

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21
Q

Parts of nervous system

A

-Brain
-Nerves
-Spinal Cord
-Neuron/Axon
-Sensory organs; nose, tongue, eyes, ears(sound and balance), skin

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22
Q

Lymphatic system purpose

A

Assist the immune system
Wash over cells to remove external wastes and transport them to disposal area

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23
Q

Lymphatic system parts

A

-Lymph nodes/glands
-lymph

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24
Q

Excretory system purpose

A

Collects and expels waste products

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25
Excretory system parts
-Kidney -urinary Bladder -urethra -ureters -anus/rectum -nose/mouth -lungs -Skin/sweat glands -liver (assistant)- detox
26
Endocrine system purpose
Secrete hormones Hormones are chemical messages that are target specific
27
Endocrine system parts
-Pituitary (master glad) -Pineal -Thyroid -Thymus -Adrenal -Pancreas -Testes/Ovaries
28
Immune system purpose
Internal defense from pathogens
29
Immune system parts
-WBC -Lymph nodes - filters lymph(plasma)
30
Integumentary system purpose
Outermost defense system Insulation
31
Parts of integumentary system
-Skin -Hair/Fur/Feathers -Claws/nails/Talons…. -Tears
32
Homeostasis
Balance of internal/external environments All life systems working together.
33
Negative feedback loop
To little of x -> make more To much of x -> stop making
34
Insulin
Hormone that regulates blood sugar levels
35
What is food broken down into
Food - Macromolecules - monomers
36
Front teeth
Incisors - Bite/cut
37
Mid teeth
Canines - Pierce and hold prey organism
38
Back teeth
Molars - Flat broad grinding teeth
39
What does the mouth turn food into
Bolus
40
Tongue
Has taste buds - Salt sweet sour bitter spicy Pushes food between teeth Creates Bolus, launches bolus into throat
41
Bolus
Ball of chewed moistened food
42
Salivary glands
Saliva - enzyme for breaking down carbohydrates
43
Gum/Jaw bones
Lower jaw hinged to move
44
Lips/Cheeks
Keep food in mouth when chewing
45
Pharynx
Throat - mouth to esophagus
46
Esophagus
Food tube - connects pharynx to stomach
47
Peristalsis
Wave like muscle contractions that push Bolus down esophagus
48
Reverse Peristalsis
Vomiting/Puking/Throwing up Get rid of potentially harmful stuff
49
Why does vomiting burn
Stomach acids burn esophagus' walls
50
Small intestinte
Diameter: 1-1.5 inches Length: 21-ish ft
51
Large intestine
Diameter: 3-3.5 in Length: 7-9 ft Function: Absorb water to solidify waste
52
Duodenum
First 2-3 ft of SI Finishes chemical digestion
53
Jejunum
Central coil part of SI Site of nutrient absorption
54
Lleum
Absorb recyclables
55
Ascending Colon
On right side Liquid waste flows up through muscle contractions
56
Transverse Colon
Lateral section, right to left flow of material through muscle contractions
57
Descending Colon
Left side of body Waste material flows down through muscle contractions and gravity
58
Rectum
Store and compact feces
59
Anus
Control excretion of feces Sphincter muscle
60
Sphincter muscle
Ringe muscle At birth/Old age(Sometimes) - Involuntary Toddler/Old age - Voluntary
61
Assistant organs
Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas
62
Gallbladder
Stores bile Secretes bile through bile duct
63
Stomach types of digestion
Physical - Mixing/churning w/Enzyme/Acid Chemical - Change chemical composition of ingested food
64
Ulcers
Digestion of stomach wall
65
What gives nasty taste in vomit
Bile, from liver
66
Vili
Contains capillaries Diffuse nutrients into blood stream Maximizes surface area of SI Also slows down flow of Chyme
67
How does the SI absorb most nutrients
Maximize surface area - Villi Slow down flow - Narrow, long, folded
68
Appendix
Vestigial Organ - no longer useful May have had role in the past
69
Overall purpose of excretory system
 Collect waste products from throughout the body and dispose of them
70
What is excretory system dependent on
Blood
71
Type of bodily waste
Waste - Disposed by CO2 -> Lungs Feces -> Rectum/Anus Sweat -> Sweat glands/Evaporation Urine -> Urinary Bladder/Urethra
72
Urinary system purpose
Filter the blood in the kidney to create urine for disposal
73
What is urine composed of
Excess water, Salts, Urea
74
What is Urea
Less dangerous ammonia like compound
75
Where Kidneys located
Poster side of body
76
Kidneys job
Filter bad things from the blood
77
What filters blood in the Kidneys
Nephrons - Filter through Diffusion
78
Collection ducts
Collect liquid filtered by Nephrons which go to ureters
79
What capacity do kidneys usually operate
50% per kidney - Jumps to 100% if other is donated
80
Kidney machine
Dialysis
81
What causes Kidney stones
Salts settling out of urine and forming crystals/stones
82
Ways to remove kidney stones
Water pressure, surgery or high frequency radio waves
83
Ureter
Tube connecting kidneys to urinary bladder
84
Urinary bladder
Store urine until full
85
Urethra
Pee tube
86
Liver
No direct connection to exterior environment In upper right quadrant of abdomen Lobed organ - can donate portion Makes BAD STUFF - bad stuff Also produced bile
87
Type of loop humans have?
Double closed loop circulatory system
88
Atrium
Atria - singular Entry and Receive blood
89
Ventricle
Veio - away Pushing blood out of heart Bottom and strongest chambers
90
Right ventricle
Pump blood to lungs
91
Left ventricle
Pump blood to the rest of the body - strongest of all chambers
92
Arteries
Away from the heart - all have oxygenated blood EXCEPT pulmonary artery
93
Arterioles
Smaller arteries - Narrowing of blood vessels increase blood pressure
94
Capillaries
Use blood pressure to drive diffusion
95
Venules
Small veins
96
Vein
Towards heart - all has deoxygenated EXCEPT pulmonary vein Not as muscular as arteries Contains valves to prevent back flow and also rely on skeletal and muscle contractions to help blood move towards the heart.
97
Components of blood
Red blood cells White blood cells Plasma Platelets
98
Red blood cells
Shaped like life saver candy with dimple - makes easier to push through the blood Hemoglobin - protein embedded in cell membrane of RBC, contains iron to carry oxygen
99
White blood cells
Amorphous - changes shape Need to engulf foreign material through Endocytosis/Phagocytosis
100
Platelets
Irregular shaped cell fragments Repairing leaks through clotting Irregular shape get caught on the rough opening of an injury
101
Pericardium
The membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane.
102
Lymph
Fluid/H2O It's plasma that has leaked out of the blood/CS at the capillary level
103
How does lymph travel
Sloshing around body collecting non self materials, eventually sloshes to lymph nodes to be filtered and returned to CS
104
Type of circulatory system lymphatic system is
Open circulatory system
105
When is lymph lymph
When fluid is out of CS, when its in CS its plasma
106
What happens when lymph nodes are activated
Presence of non self alerts immune system, deploy WBC, Lymph nodes become inflamed
107
Why do lymph nodes become inflamed
Increase fluid content/activity when activated
108
Where are lymph nodes
Neck/throat Armpit web Groin Behind knees Other....
109
Inhalation
Moving air into lungs Chest cavity - Rib cage and diaphragm increases volume
110
How does chest cavity increase/decrease volume
Increase - Move up/out, diaphragm down, air pressure decreases, pulling air in Decrease - Rib cage in/down, diaphragm up, air pressure increases, pushing air out
111
Entryways to respiratory system
Nose - Primary Mouth - Secondary
112
Nose
Primary respiratory system entrance Filters air through nose hair, mucus - forms boogers Also warms air
113
Mouth - respiratory
Secondary entrance for respiratory system Can't filter/warm air
114
Larynx
Voice box - Adam's apple Vocal cords - vibrate as we move air through them
115
Trachea
Air tube in front of esophagus Rings of cartilage support and give shape
116
Tracheotomy
Man made hole in trachea for medical purpsoe
117
Bronchi
2 main branches off of trachea
118
Bronchioles
Small branches off of bronchi
119
Alveoli
Air sacs that contain capillaries in their walls
120
Lung components
Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
121
Rib cage
12 pairs of ribs - attached to spinal column by cartilage Last 2 floating Other 10 attaches to sternum by cartilage Xiphoid process - little cartilage tab at base of sternum Intercostal muscles - muscles in between the ribs
122
Sternum
Breastbone
123
Epiglottis
a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe
124
Where is Insulin secreted
Duodenum

Bio HO9 (11 decks)

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