Chapter 17 Evolution

Question 1

Charles Darwin was from what country

Answer 1

England

Question 2

Charles Darwin occupation

Answer 2

Naturalist and biologist

Question 3

What university did did Charles Darwin at

Answer 3

University of Edinburgh - medicine
University of Cambridge - Biology

Question 4

Name of Darwins boat

Answer 4

HMS Beagle

Question 5

Where did Darwin study

Answer 5

Galapagos Islands

Question 6

Why were the Galapagos islands a good place to study?

Answer 6

Isolated enviornment

Question 7

Natural selection

Answer 7

• Process where nature stresses populations/species
• Organisms with the traits to adapt to the stress/change live in order to be able to reproduce (pass on favorable traits/ genes)
• Those without the favorable trait may not live until reproductive age/opportunity
• Survival of the Fittest

Question 8

Adaptation

Answer 8

organisms become better suited to their environment over time

Question 9

Artificial selection

Answer 9

humans intentionally choose specific traits in plants or animals through controlled breeding

Question 10

Survival of the fittest

Answer 10

idea that individuals who are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 11

Speciation

Answer 11

new species arise, occurs when populations become reproductively isolated from each other, preventing gene flow and allowing for the accumulation of genetic differences over time

Question 12

Evolution

Answer 12

Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

Question 13

fossil

Answer 13

preserved remains of traces of ancient organisms

Question 14

Darwin B-day

Answer 14

February 12 1809

Question 15

When did Darwin leave England?

Answer 15

1831 to go on a voyage on the HMS beagle

Question 16

How long was Darwins voyage

Answer 16

5 years

Question 17

What was the purpose of Darwins Captains voyage

Answer 17

map coastlines and harbors

Question 18

Scientific theory

Answer 18

well established scientific explanation of events in the natural world tat can be tested by experiment and observations

Question 19

3 biomes Darwin visited

Answer 19

Tropical Rainforest: - most notably the Amazon rainforest in South America.
Galápagos Islands: - observed the unique characteristics of the island species, the famous finches, and different beak shapes/behaviors for diff food sources.
Coral Reefs: - the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia

Question 20

3 types of variation

Answer 20

Evolve - The gradual change in the inherited characteristics of populations over successive generation
Change - Any modification alteration in the characteristics state, or condition of something
Adapt - Process by which organisms adjust to their environment through modification in their traits or behaviors to enhance their survival and reproductive success

Question 21

Acquired traits/characteristics can change in what period of time

Answer 21

within an organisms life span

Question 22

Artificial selection

Answer 22

Humans interfering in nature’s progress to selectr traits that we want

Question 23

Lamarck contribution to Evolution Theory

Answer 23

Creatures change in response to environment
Acquired traits aren’t passed down

Question 24

Acquired trait

Answer 24

the character developed in an individual as a result of environmental influence, not coded on DNA can’t be passed on to future generations

Question 25

What did Darwin collect in the Brazilian forest

Answer 25

68 species of beetles

Question 26

3 patterns of biodiversity

Answer 26

- Species vary globally - same as local but bigger - species vary locally - avoids resource depletion - species vary over time - change is a long, slow process

Question 27

Small “pockets” within a larger environment are called

Answer 27

a microenvironment, microclimate

Question 28

How old is the Earth?

Answer 28

4.5 billion years old

Question 29

What did Hutton and Lyell contribute to our understanding of evolution?

Answer 29

saying that the Earth was extremely old and that the processes of the past that affected the Earth still affect the Earth today

Question 30

Geological change is

Answer 30

- Creation/destruction of mountain - Formation of deserts - Formation of river valleys/canyons (grand canyon) - Erosion (water/wind)

Question 31

Lyell’s Principle of Geology?

Answer 31

- Laws of Nature are consistent through time and the process are ongoing - Geological change is difficult to notice within a single human life span

Question 32

Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypothesis?

Answer 32

- Physical changes/ adaptations happen over long period of time - acquired characteristics - organisms by use or non-use of a body part can adapt to environment; can be passed on

Question 33

Malthus’s thoughts on population growth?

Answer 33

- Influences human population growth - War - Famine/poverty - Disease - Additional influencers on human population growth - Droughts - overpopulation - birth rate exceeds death rate - Modern medicine - Higher quality food availability - Technology - Economic growth

Question 34

What are acquired characteristics?

Answer 34

- **Disproven theory** - Lamarck - Organisms can get new traits/ characteristics during their lifetime and pass them on to their offspring

Question 35

Common Descent?

Answer 35

- Theory that one species could be the ancestor of multiple species over an extended period of time - “we/all are all related” on Earth’s family tree - All live from a Prokaryotic bacteria

Question 36

How are Natural Selection and Artificial Selection similar? How are they different?

Answer 36

- Similarities: - both processes involve passing desirable traits to offspring - Technically both strengthen the survivability of a species - Differences: - Natural selection is a slow process over a long period of time - Artificial selection yields results more quickly - Ns - controlled by nature; As - controlled by man

Question 37

What is Biogeography?

Answer 37

- Study of organisms’ (past & present) distribution on planet Earth - Buffalo/yack/water buffalo/ gazelle/ ox/ elephant

Question 38

What are homologous structures?

Answer 38

- Homologous structures are structures that are similar in different species of a common ancestor. - Physical structures are similar; but, utilized for a different purpose - Whale’s flipper & human arm

Question 39

What are analogous structures?

Answer 39

- Analogous structures are body parts that share a common function, but not structure. - Different structure; similar function - Butterfly wings & bird wings

Question 40

What are vestigial structures?

Answer 40

- Vestigial structures are structures inherited from our ancestors but lost much or all of its function. - Structures become smaller over time and will eventually disappear - Humans: appendix - digest plants, tailbone, muscles form moving ears, body hair, pinky toe, wisdom teeth, tonsils