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Bio HO9 > Chapter 17 Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Charles Darwin was from what country

A

England

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2
Q

Charles Darwin occupation

A

Naturalist and biologist

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3
Q

What university did did Charles Darwin at

A

University of Edinburgh - medicine
University of Cambridge - Biology

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4
Q

Name of Darwins boat

A

HMS Beagle

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5
Q

Where did Darwin study

A

Galapagos Islands

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6
Q

Why were the Galapagos islands a good place to study?

A

Isolated enviornment

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7
Q

Natural selection

A
  • Process where nature stresses populations/species
  • Organisms with the traits to adapt to the stress/change live in order to be able to reproduce (pass on favorable traits/ genes)
  • Those without the favorable trait may not live until reproductive age/opportunity
  • Survival of the Fittest
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8
Q

Adaptation

A

organisms become better suited to their environment over time

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9
Q

Artificial selection

A

humans intentionally choose specific traits in plants or animals through controlled breeding

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10
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

idea that individuals who are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

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11
Q

Speciation

A

new species arise, occurs when populations become reproductively isolated from each other, preventing gene flow and allowing for the accumulation of genetic differences over time

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12
Q

Evolution

A

Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

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13
Q

fossil

A

preserved remains of traces of ancient organisms

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14
Q

Darwin B-day

A

February 12 1809

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15
Q

When did Darwin leave England?

A

1831 to go on a voyage on the HMS beagle

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16
Q

How long was Darwins voyage

A

5 years

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17
Q

What was the purpose of Darwins Captains voyage

A

map coastlines and harbors

18
Q

Scientific theory

A

well established scientific explanation of events in the natural world tat can be tested by experiment and observations

19
Q

3 biomes Darwin visited

A

Tropical Rainforest: - most notably the Amazon rainforest in South America.
Galápagos Islands: - observed the unique characteristics of the island species, the famous finches, and different beak shapes/behaviors for diff food sources.
Coral Reefs: - the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia

20
Q

3 types of variation

A

Evolve - The gradual change in the inherited characteristics of populations over successive generation
Change - Any modification alteration in the characteristics state, or condition of something
Adapt - Process by which organisms adjust to their environment through modification in their traits or behaviors to enhance their survival and reproductive success

21
Q

Acquired traits/characteristics can change in what period of time

A

within an organisms life span

22
Q

Artificial selection

A

Humans interfering in nature’s progress to selectr traits that we want

23
Q

Lamarck contribution to Evolution Theory

A

Creatures change in response to environment
Acquired traits aren’t passed down

24
Q

Acquired trait

A

the character developed in an individual as a result of environmental influence, not coded on DNA can’t be passed on to future generations

25
Q

What did Darwin collect in the Brazilian forest

A

68 species of beetles

26
Q

3 patterns of biodiversity

A
  • Species vary globally - same as local but bigger
  • species vary locally - avoids resource depletion
  • species vary over time - change is a long, slow process
27
Q

Small “pockets” within a larger environment are called

A

a microenvironment, microclimate

28
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

29
Q

What did Hutton and Lyell contribute to our understanding of evolution?

A

saying that the Earth was extremely old and that the processes of the past that affected the Earth still affect the Earth today

30
Q

Geological change is

A
  • Creation/destruction of mountain
  • Formation of deserts
  • Formation of river valleys/canyons (grand canyon)
  • Erosion (water/wind)
31
Q

Lyell’s Principle of Geology?

A
  • Laws of Nature are consistent through time and the process are ongoing
  • Geological change is difficult to notice within a single human life span
32
Q

Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypothesis?

A
  • Physical changes/ adaptations happen over long period of time
  • acquired characteristics - organisms by use or non-use of a body part can adapt to environment; can be passed on
33
Q

Malthus’s thoughts on population growth?

A
  • Influences human population growth
    • War
    • Famine/poverty
    • Disease
  • Additional influencers on human population growth
    • Droughts
    • overpopulation - birth rate exceeds death rate
    • Modern medicine
    • Higher quality food availability
    • Technology
    • Economic growth
34
Q

What are acquired characteristics?

A
  • Disproven theory - Lamarck
  • Organisms can get new traits/ characteristics during their lifetime and pass them on to their offspring
35
Q

Common Descent?

A
  • Theory that one species could be the ancestor of multiple species over an extended period of time
  • “we/all are all related” on Earth’s family tree
  • All live from a Prokaryotic bacteria
36
Q

How are Natural Selection and Artificial Selection similar? How are they different?

A
  • Similarities:
    • both processes involve passing desirable traits to offspring
    • Technically both strengthen the survivability of a species
  • Differences:
    • Natural selection is a slow process over a long period of time
    • Artificial selection yields results more quickly
    • Ns - controlled by nature; As - controlled by man
37
Q

What is Biogeography?

A
  • Study of organisms’ (past & present) distribution on planet Earth
  • Buffalo/yack/water buffalo/ gazelle/ ox/ elephant
38
Q

What are homologous structures?

A
  • Homologous structures are structures that are similar in different species of a common ancestor.
  • Physical structures are similar; but, utilized for a different purpose
    • Whale’s flipper & human arm
39
Q

What are analogous structures?

A
  • Analogous structures are body parts that share a common function, but not structure.
  • Different structure; similar function
    • Butterfly wings & bird wings
40
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A
  • Vestigial structures are structures inherited from our ancestors but lost much or all of its function.
  • Structures become smaller over time and will eventually disappear
  • Humans: appendix - digest plants, tailbone, muscles form moving ears, body hair, pinky toe, wisdom teeth, tonsils

Bio HO9 (11 decks)

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