Chapter 13 DNA

Question 1

Transformation

Answer 1

Process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

Question 2

Bacteriophage

Answer 2

Kind of virus that infects bacteria

Question 3

3 Roles of DNA

Answer 3

Storing Information
Copying Information
Gene Expression

Question 4

Base pairing

Answer 4

Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between Adenine and Thymine and between Guanine and Cytosine`

Question 5

Monomer of DNA

Answer 5

Nucleotides

Question 6

How are Nucleotides bonded?

Answer 6

Covalent bonds

Question 7

Nucleic Acids

Answer 7

Long slightly acidic molecules built from nucleotides

Question 8

What are nucleotides composed of?

Answer 8

Nitrogenous base, 5-C sugar, Phosphate group

Question 9

5-C sugar

Answer 9

Deoxyribose

Question 10

Nitrogenous bases

Answer 10

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine

Question 11

What does the Phosphate group act as?

Answer 11

Edge of ladder

Question 12

Chargaff’s Rule

Answer 12

Adenine must be paired with Thymine and Cytosine must be paired with Guanine
If they aren’t paired there will be an error in the DNA

Question 13

Double helix structure

Answer 13

Twisted ladder

Question 14

How are base pairs bonded?

Answer 14

Hydrogen bonds due to their weak velcro like nature

Question 15

Replication

Answer 15

Process of copying DNA prior to cell division

Question 16

DNA polymerase

Answer 16

Principle enzyme involved in DNA replication

Question 17

Telomere

Answer 17

Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome

Question 18

How does DNA replicate?

Answer 18

The strands are separated and the complimentary base pairs are filled in by DNA polymerase forming 2 complete strands of DNA.

Question 19

DNA Replication type

Answer 19

Semiconservative

Question 20

DNA proof reader

Answer 20

DNA polymerase

Question 21

Why do telomeres need to be put in place?

Answer 21

End of DNA is difficult to replicate so cells use telomeres which are repeating DNA sequences. These are done to prevent genes near the end of chromosomes being damaged or lost during replication.

Question 22

Prokaryotic DNA Replication

Answer 22

Regulatory proteins bind at single starting point on chromosome which triggers S phase. DNA polymerase go opposite and go in two directions until entire chromosome is copied.

Question 23

Eukaryotic DNA Replication

Answer 23

Many starting points of DNA replication on the molecule. Many proteins to regulate and ensure correct duplication before and after.

Question 24

Odds of wrong DNA copy

Answer 24

1 in 100 milion

Question 25

Who discovered Transformation?

Answer 25

British - Fredrick Griffith

Question 26

How did Fredrick Griffith conduct his experiment

Answer 26

Heat killed harmful bacteria (S type) Kept harmless bacteria alive (R type) Infected mix of dead harmful and alive harmless - harmless took on traits of harmful and became harmful.

Question 27

What did Hershey and Chase's experiment confirm from Avery's experiment.

Answer 27

DNA was the genetic material that contained information.

Question 28

How is DNA read?

Answer 28

5' to 3' Pointy side to flat side

Question 29

How are nucleotides joined?

Answer 29

Covalent bonds

Question 30

Why are base pairs held by hydrogen bonds?

Answer 30

To take advantage of their weak Velcro like bond.

Question 31

Franklins most famous photo?

Answer 31

Photo 51

Question 32

What structure did Franklin discover

Answer 32

The helical structure of DNA

Question 33

The thefts

Answer 33

American - James Watson British - Francis Crick

Question 34

Antiparallel strands

Answer 34

Two strands of DNA run in opposite direction

Question 35

The "weasel"

Answer 35

English - Wilkins

Question 36

Karyotype

Answer 36

Laboratory-produced image of a person's chromosomes isolated from an individual cell and arranged in numerical order

Question 37

Franklins Death

Answer 37

1958 - died of cancer

Question 38

What year did Griffith conduct his experiments?

Answer 38

1928

Question 39

Who discovered transformation?

Answer 39

British - Frederick Griffith

Question 40

Who continued research on transformation?

Answer 40

Canadian - Oswald Avery

Question 41

How did Avery conduct his research?

Answer 41

Broke down each component of a cell to narrow down what causes transformation. Once he broke down DNA transformation did not occur.

Question 42

Who confirmed importance of DNA

Answer 42

Americans - Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Question 43

How was importance of DNA confirmed?

Answer 43

Radioactive tracers put on proteins and DNA of bacteriophages to see what carries the information when the Bacteriophage injects it to infected cell DNA with radioactive tracer found in infected cell

Question 44

How are nucleotides joined?

Answer 44

Covalent bonds between sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the next.

Question 45

What is Chargaff’s rule?

Answer 45

A=T G=C

Question 46

How did Franklin take her pictures?

Answer 46

X-ray diffraction

Question 47

Advantage of anti parallel pattern

Answer 47

Enables nitrogenous bases on both strands to come into contact neared the center of the molecule

Question 48

What forms telomeres?

Answer 48

Telomerase

Question 49

Telomeres are found in only what type of chromosomes?

Answer 49

Eukaryotic