Chapter 11: Nervous System

Question 1

What are the nervous system’s functional categories?

Answer 1

Sensory, integrative and motor

Question 2

With is the sensory (affferent) divison divided into?

Answer 2

Somatic and visceral sensory division

Question 3

What is the somatic sensory division?

Answer 3

Carries signals from skeletal muscles, bones, joints and skin, also involved in 5 senses

Question 4

What is the visceral sensory division?

Answer 4

Transmits signals from the visceral organs eg. heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys and urinary bladder

Question 5

Somatic motor division

Answer 5

Carries signals to skeletal muscles eg. Swatting a fly

Question 6

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 6

Carries stimuli to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands eg. breathing harder

Question 7

What are some parts of the neuron?

Answer 7

Dendrite, cell body, axon hillock, axonlemma, axonplasma

Question 8

Where does the sensory come through?

Answer 8

Dendrite

Question 9

What part has a nucleus and endoplasmic recticulum?

Answer 9

Cell body

Question 10

Where does the exon originate?

Answer 10

Axon hillock

Question 11

What is the axonlemma knows as?

Answer 11

Plasma membrane

Question 12

What is the axon plasma known as?

Answer 12

Cytoplasm

Question 13

What is the most common type of neuron?

Answer 13

Multipolar

Question 14

What are the types of neuroglial cells in the CNS?

Answer 14

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

Question 15

What are the types of neuroglia cells in the PNS?

Answer 15

Schwann cells and satellite cells

Question 16

What cell forms the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 16

Astrocytes

Question 17

What cell makes the myelin sheath?

Answer 17

Oligodendrocyte

Question 18

What cell acts as phagocytosis?

Answer 18

Microglial cell

Question 19

What is depolarization?

Answer 19

Positive charges enter the cytosol, making the membrane potential less negative going from -70 to -60 mV

Question 20

What is hyperpolarization?

Answer 20

Either positive charges exit or negative charges enter cytosol, makes membrane more negative eg. From -70 to -80 mV

Question 21

What is repolarization?

Answer 21

The process whereby the membrane potential returns to its resting state after depolarization

Question 22

Which -zation is most likely to result in action potential?

Answer 22

Depolarization

Question 23

What is the difference between the refractory periods?

Answer 23

Absolute is when no additional stimulus is able to produce additional action potential while relative refractory periods follows immediately after, where only strong stimulus can produce action potential

Question 24

What is the central nervous system composed of?

Answer 24

Brain and spinal cord

Question 25

How many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves are there?

Answer 25

12 and 31

Question 26

What is the integration system known as?

Answer 26

Interneuron or association neuron

Question 27

Where does information coming from in the visceral system?

Answer 27

Trunk

Question 28

What is the receptive region?

Answer 28

Dendrites and cell body

Question 29

What is the conducting region?

Answer 29

Axon

Question 30

What is the secretory region?

Answer 30

Axon terminal

Question 31

What functional region meets up with the muscle or gland through a synapse?

Answer 31

Axon terminal

Question 32

What is nuclei?

Answer 32

Clusters of neuron cell bodies

Question 33

What are tracts?

Answer 33

Bundles of axons

Question 34

What cell in the CNS ingests diseases?

Answer 34

Microglial

Question 35

What cell manufactures and circulates cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 35

Ependymal cell

Question 36

What is nearly nonexistent in the CNS and very limited in the PNS?

Answer 36

Regeneration/replacement of damaged axons

Question 37

What is the resting membrane potential?

Answer 37

-70 mV

Question 38

What is the number of sodium and potassium ions moved in the membrane?

Answer 38

3 Na ions are moved out and 2 K ions are moved in

Question 39

What are local potentials also called?

Answer 39

Graded potentials

Question 40

What is the threshold of action potential always?

Answer 40

-55

Question 41

What is faster between Type A and B?

Answer 41

A

Question 42

What type are the majority of the synapses in the nervous system?

Answer 42

Chemical synapses

Question 43

What is part of a chemical synapse and what isn’t?

Answer 43

Receptors are part but gap junctions are not

Question 44

What ion is needed to trigger synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters?

Answer 44

Calcium ion

Question 45

What is the order of events at a chemical synapse after a stimulus?

Answer 45

An action potential in the presynaptic neuron triggers Ca2+ channels in axon terminal to open, this influx of Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft (exocytosis), which bind to receptors on postsynaptic neuron then ion channels open, leading to local potential and possible action potential

Question 46

Differences between a EPSP and an IPSP?

Answer 46

EPSP only occurs post synaptically and when the ion channels open the postsynaptic neuron gains negative charges or loses positive charges in the IPSP, causing inhibitory and for EPSP, positive charges enter the postsynaptic neuron, exciting it

Question 47

What is needed to terminate the effect of a neurotransmitter in the synapse?

Answer 47

Elimination of excess neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft

Question 48

Cholinergic synapses use what neurotransmitter?

Answer 48

Acetylcholine

Question 49

Where in the nervous system do we find neuronal pools?

Answer 49

Within the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

Question 50

Which type of fiber type propagates the action potential most quickly? (myelinated or unmyelinated and A, B or C?)

Answer 50

Myelinated A