Chapter 12 Flashcards
(82 cards)
0
Q
What is a personality trait?
A
A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.
eg. honest, moody, rude, straightforward,
1
Q
What is personality?
A
It refers to an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits
2
Q
In terms of personality, what does distinctiveness mean?
A
refers to the behavioural differences among people reacting to the same situation
3
Q
What did Raymond Cattell contribute to the study of personality?
A
He used factor analysis (correlating many variables to identify closely related clusters of variable) to come up with 16 personality traits in comparison to the thousands of trait Allport came up with
4
Q
what did McCrae contribute to the study of personality
A
he used factor analysis again but this time, he came up with only 5 personality traits called the Five-Factor Model
5
Q
What are the Big Five personalities in the Five-Factor Model by McCrae?
A
1) Extraversion = happy, friendly, upbeat, sociable, assertive, gregarious. Related to positive emotionality
2) Neuroticism = anxious, insecure, hostile, vulnerable, self-conscious. Related to negative emotionality
3) Openness to experience = creative, curious, flexible, artistic
4) Agreeableness = trusting, sympathetic, cooperative, modest and straight forward
5) Conscientiousness = disciplined, dependable, well organized, punctual. Related to high productivity in a variety of occupational areas
6
Q
What are psychodynamic theories?
A
they are the diverse theories descended from the work of Freud, which focus on unconscious mental processes.
7
Q
What did Freud contribute to the study of personality?
A
he came up with the psychoanalytic theory
8
Q
What is Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
A
- it focuses on the influence of childhood experiences, unconscious motives and conflicts, and the ways people used to cope with sexual and aggressive urges
9
Q
Freud divided personality into 3 groups, what are they?
A
- id
- ego
- superego
10
Q
What is the id group of Freud’s structure of personalty?
A
- it is the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates on the pleasure principle (which demands immediate satisfaction of urges) and engages in primary-process thinking (primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented)
11
Q
What is the ego group of Freud’s structure of personalty?
A
It is the decision- making component of personality acting on the reality principle which delays the gratification of id’s urges until appropriate outlets can be found, this mediating between id and the external world
12
Q
what is the supergo group of Freud’s structure of personalty?
A
- it is the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what is right or wrong. And it emerges out of the go at age 3-5
13
Q
According to Freud behaviour is influenced heavily by the _______?
A
unconscious
14
Q
What are the 3 levels of awareness Freud came up with?
A
conscious = whatever is one aware of at a particular point in time preconscious = the materials just below the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved unconscious = thoughts, ideas way below the surface of awareness but nonetheless exert a great amount of influence on behaviour. Hard to retrieve.
15
Q
According to Freud, behaviour is the result of?
A
conflict between the id, ego and superego, centreing on sex and aggressive impulses having far reaching consequences. this causes anxiety which causes the ego to come up with defense mechanism which are exercises in self-deception as protection
16
Q
What are the different defence mechanism?
A
- repression
- projection
- reaction formation
- regression
- rationalization
- identification
- sublimation
17
Q
what is repression? give an example
A
putting distressing thoughts and emotions into the unconscious.
- a person who witnessed a family friend’s death doesn’t remember anything about it
18
Q
What is projection? give an example
A
- when one is scared of their own thoughts, and feelings, and motives, they blame or attribute it towards another
eg. A man who fantasizes about his teacher would think its because his teacher is seducing him
19
Q
What is displacement? give an example
A
- taking out feelings (usually anger) out of its original source to a target
eg. a child gets yelled at by his parents and then take his anger out on his cat
20
Q
What is reaction formation? give an example
A
- behaving in a way opposite to one’s own true feelings
eg. a man who has desires for another man goes out to date women
21
Q
what is regression? give an example
A
reverting to immature behaviour
-eg. a college student takes her teddy bear with her to sleep and cuddles with it.
22
Q
what is rationalization?give an example
A
coming up with false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour.
eg. going out to party the night before an exam because “having a break is important”
23
Q
What is identification?? give an example
A
boosting up self esteem by joining an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
eg. an insecure girl joins the mean girls to boost her confidence
24
what is sublimation? give an example
- when unconscious, unacceptable impulses is channeled into socially accepted, admired behaviour
eg. feelings of lust transformed into a man's artwork
25
What are psychosexual stages?
developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality
26
Freud believed that personality is laid out by the age of what?
5
27
Freud theorized that personality is shaped by
how children deal with their immature sexual urges
28
What are the different stages in the psychosexual stages?
1) Oral
2) Anal
3) Phallic
4) Latency
5) Genitals
29
Describe the Oral Stage. What age group experiences this? What is the erotic focus? What is the Key Tasks and Experiences? What happens if fixation occurs in this stage?
- 0 - 1
- mouth (suckling and biting)
- weaning from breast or bottle
- can lead to excessive eating or smoking in life
30
Describe the Anal Stage. What age group experiences this? What is the erotic focus? What is the Key Tasks and Experiences? What happens if fixation occurs in this stage?
- 2-3
- anus (expelling or retaining feces)
- toilet training
- lead to genital anxiety about sexual activities in the future
31
Describe the Phalli Stage. What age group experiences this? What is the erotic focus? What is the Key Tasks and Experiences? What happens if fixation occurs in this stage?
- 4-5
- Genitals (masturbation)
- identifying with adult role models; coping with the Oedipal complex (child experience sexual desires towards same sex parent and hostility towards the opposite sex parent)
- failure to overcome this crisis can result to identification, sex typing and conscience to not develop as they shoulld
32
Describe the Latency Stage. What age group experiences this? What is the erotic focus? What is the Key Tasks and Experiences? What happens if fixation occurs in this stage?
- 6-12
- none (sexually repressed)
- expanding social contacts
33
Describe the Genital Stage. What age group experiences this? What is the erotic focus? What is the Key Tasks and Experiences? What happens if fixation occurs in this stage?
- puberty onward
- genitals (being sexually intimate)
- establishing intimate relationships, contributing to society through working
34
what did Jung contribute to study of personality?
- he came up with the analytical theory of psychology in which there are 2 layers of the unconscious = personal unconscious and collective unconscious
- he also came up with two personalities, introvert and extrovert
35
What is the personal unconscious?
- it houses material that is not a part of our awareness because it has been forgotten or repressed
36
What is the collective unconscious?
- it houses latent memory traces inherited from ancestral past. These ancestral memories are called archetypes
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What are archetypes?
- they are not personal or experienced memories rather emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning eg. mandala.
- apparently the human race somehow shares the same archetypes
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What did Adler contribute to study of personality
- he came up with individual psychology that implies human beings strive for superiority = the universal drive to adapt, improve oneself and master life's challenges.
- also focused on birth order
39
According Adler and his individual psychology, what is compensation?
the drive, willingness and effort made to overcome inferiority.
40
According Adler and his individual psychology, what is the inferiority complex?
when feelings of weakness or inferiority is excessive.
41
According Adler and his individual psychology, what is overcompensation?
when one tries to hide their inferiority by flaunting their success, seeking status and power
42
According Adler and his individual psychology, what is birth order
- he stated that birth order is a factor governing personality
- eg. first born, second born and last born children are all treated differently by their parents and these experiences can shape their personality
- only child's are usually spoiled by their parent
- first born children become the problem children because they have been dethroned by the second born
43
What are the pros and cons of psychodynamic perspectives?
Pros
- provided insights regarding the unconscious, role of internal conflict, importance of early childhood experiences
Cons
- poor testability
- inadequate empirical base
- sexist views
44
What did Skinner say about personality?
that it is based in response tendencies learning over the course of lifespan. It is done through operant conditioning. 0
45
What has Bandura contributed to study of personality?
- he developed the social learning theory focusing on how cognitive factors such expectancies regulate learning.
- he came up with reciprocal determinism
- and observational learning theory
- and put emphasis on self-efficacy
46
What is the reciprocal determinism?
That cognitive processes (internal mental events), external environment events and overt behaviour all influence one another
47
What is the theory of observational learning?
- it holds that behaviour is shaped by exposure to models (a person who's behaviour is observed)
48
What is self-efficacy and what did Bandura say about it in terms of personality?
It is the belief about one's ability to perform behaviours can lea to expected outcomes (good things).
The lack or presence of it can influence how well one can function.
49
According to research, self-efficacy is strengthened by?
stimulating and responsive parents
50
What did Mischel say about personality
- that behaviour changes upon the situation (person-situation)
- eg. if you know hard work will be rewarded at work, you will most likely be diligent and work hard. BUT if you know hard work will not get rewarded, then you will probably behave in a lazy manner
51
What are the pros and cons of behavioural perspectives
Pros
- based on rigorous research
- gives insight into effects of learning and environmental factors
Cons
- dehumanizing
- use of animal research
- fragmented view of personality
52
What did Carl Rogers contribute to the study of personality?
- he came up with the person-centred theory where self-concept is the important key
53
What is self-concept?
A collection of belief about one's own nature, unique qualities and typical behaviour.
- a person's mental picture of themselves
54
According to Rogers (humanist), is self-concept always in sync with real life experience?
no
55
What is incongruence?
the disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience.
eg. you may think your smart, but your report card says the opposite
56
What is congruence?
When one's self-concept meshes well with reality.
57
Compare conditional vs unconditional love. How does this affect personality?
conditional = when love is only given if liked or ideal behaviour is shown
unconditional = when love is given despite the behaviour shown. It could be good or bad.
Conditional love from parents foster incongruence which triggers anxiety which worsens case of incongruence.
58
People who experience incongruence experience recurring anxiety, what do they do to deal with this?
- resort to defense mechanism
59
What did Maslow contribute to the study of personality?
- he came up with the hierarchy of needs = a systematic arrangement of needs. Basic needs must be overcome before moving onto less basic needs
- he stressed the need for self-actualization = being able to fulfil potential.
60
According to Maslow, who are self-actualizing people?
People with healthy personalities marked by continued personal growth
61
What are the characteristics of self actualizing people
- they are in tune with reality and at peace with themselves
- they are open and spontaneous and sensitive to other's needs (good interpersonal relationships)
- problem centring
- need privacy
- autonomy
- democratic character structure
- knows whats right and wrong
62
List the needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. (most basic to less basic)
- physiological needs --> Safety/Security --> Affiliation --> Esteem needs/Status --> Cognitive needs (more knowledge) --> Aesthetic needs (order and beauty) --> need for self-actualization.
63
List the needs of the updated hierarchy of fundamental human motives. most basic to less basic
physiological needs --> security --> affiliation --> esteem needs --> mate acquisition --> mate retention ---> parenting
64
Pros and Cons of Humanistic approach towards personality
Pros
- they focused on the issue of what makes up a healthy personality
- highlighted the importance of a person's subjective view of reality
Cons
- poor testability
- lack of strong research base
- too optimistic about human nature
65
What does biological theories say about personality?
- genetics play into account of shaping personality
66
What did Eysenk contribute to the study of personality?
- He came up with a model of personality structure including only 3 higher-order traits = extraversion-introversionn, neuroticism-stability, psychoticism-self control (cold, impulsive, antisocial) which are all controlled by genes.
67
According to Eysenk, what influences the ease of acquiring conditioned responses?
- influence on physiological functions
68
What does twin studies say about personality in terms of biological theories?
- identical twins tend to share the same personality more than fraternal twins.
- there is genes for novelty seeking (impulsive, excitable, exploratory)
- shared family environment also have little effect in shaping an individual's personality.
69
What is the evolutionary approach to the study of personality?
- it suggest that certain traits and the ability to recognize them contribute to reproductive fitness and give reproductive advantage.
70
What are the pros and cons of biological theories on personality?
Pros
- convincing evidence of genetic influence
Cons
- artificial
- conceptual problems with heritability estimates
- no comprehensive biological theory
71
What is used to measure narcissism?
The Narcissistic Personality Inventory
72
According to research how is narcissism affecting society and the world?
- leading to materialism and resource depletion
73
What did Zuckerman contribute to the study of personality?
He made a concept of at trait for seeking stimulation
- He concluded that high seekers are:
- thrill and adventure seeking
- experience in seeking
- disinhibition
- susceptibility to boredom
- they are often:
- impulsive
- have poor health
- high risk of sexual behaviour
- drinking problem
- recreational drug use
74
What did Snyder contribute to the study of personality?
- he formed a concept of self-monitoring which implies people tend to attend to or control the impressions they make on others. High self monitors are skilled in impression management but weak at giving genuine emotional commitments
75
What is mortality salience?
the degree to which subjects' mortality is prominent in their minds
76
What did Markus and Kitayama say about personality in terms of culture?
- Western culture fosters an independent view of the self as a unique individual who is separate from others
- Asian cultures foster an interdependent view of the self. They use social relationships to define themselves.
77
What is the Terror Management Theory?
it implies that people experience emotional distress or anxiety related to the awareness of mortality
78
Describe the overview of the Terror Management Theory
The juxtaposition of self-preservation instinct (desire to live) and inevitability of mortality causes anxiety which is buffered by raising cultural views and enhancing feelings of self-esteem
79
What is self-report inventories?
a personality test that asks individuals a series of questions about their characteristic behaviour
80
What are projective tests?
- participants respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli that will reveal their personality traits, needs and feelings
81
What is hindsight bias?
the tendency to mould one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.
