Chapter 15 Flashcards
(105 cards)
0
Q
What are the different kinds of psychotherapy?
A
- insight therapy
- behavioural therapy
- biomedical therapy
1
Q
Treatment to psychological problems is called?
A
psychotherapy
2
Q
What is insight therapy?
A
- involves learning the nature of the client’s difficulty and sorting out possible solutions
3
Q
What is behaviour therapy?
A
- it focuses on changing maladaptive habits and overt behaviour
4
Q
What is biomedical therapy?
A
- a type of therapy that involves intervention to to alter person’s biological functioning
5
Q
What are the methods use in biomedical therapy?
A
- drug therapy
- electroconvulsive therapy
- surgery
6
Q
Who seeks psychotherapy?
A
- women more than men
- higher educated people
- people with medical insurance
7
Q
What percentage of the US population seek mental services?
A
~15%
8
Q
What are possible hindrances to seeking therapy?
A
- stigma surrounding mental illness
- poverty
9
Q
Who provides psychological treatment?
A
1) clinical psychologists
2) counselling psychologists
3) psychiatrists
4) psychiatric nurse
5) psychological assistants
6) clinical social workers
7) councillor
10
Q
Who can prescribe drugs to psychiatric patients?
A
psychiatrists
11
Q
Which profession, in terms of psychotherapy, require a degree?
A
- psychiatrists,
- psychiatric nurses
- clinical psychologists
- counselling psychologists
- clinical social workkers
12
Q
In terms of professions that can provide treatment, which one(s) need a doctoral degree?
A
- clinical and counselling psychologists
13
Q
In terms of professions that can provide treatment, which one(s) need a master’s degree?
A
psychiatrists and clinical social workers and psychiatric nurses and psychological associates
14
Q
In terms of professions that can provide treatment, which one(s) can prescribe drugs?
A
- psychiatrists
15
Q
What does insight therapy involve?
A
verbal interactions intended to enhance client’s self-knowledge thus promoting healthful changes in personality and behaviour
16
Q
What is an example of insight therapy?
A
psychoanalysis
17
Q
What is psychoanalysis?
A
- an insight therapy where the focus is to recover unconscious conflicts, motives and defenses through a variety of techniques
18
Q
According to freud what causes psychological problems?
A
- inner conflicts between the id, ego and supergo (usually over sexual and aggressive impulses) which leads to defense mechanisms on the part of the ego which causes self-defeating behaviours since these mechanisms are only partially successful
19
Q
who believed in psychoanalysis?
A
Freud and his followers
20
Q
What are the two techniques used in psychoanalysis to attain its goal (recover unresolved unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses)
A
1) free association
2) dream analysis
21
Q
What is free association?
A
- a technique used in psychoanalysis in which the client tells her thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur with little to no censorship. The therapist take cues from these information to figure out what’s going in the client’s unconscious
22
Q
What is dream analysis?
A
- a technique used in psychoanalysis where the the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client’s dream
23
Q
Why did Freud put emphasis on dream analysis?
A
- he believed dreams are the royal road to the unconscious
24
What is the "interpretation" associated with psychoanalysis?
- when the client attempts to explain the inner significance of the client's thoughts, feelings, memories and behaviours
25
What is the "resistance" associated wit psychoanalysis
- it refer's to the client's unconscious defensive mechanisms to hinder the progress of therapy
26
Why would clients resist the interpretations of psychoanalysts?
- fear of facing reality etc.
27
Transference is a term associated with psychoanalysis. What does it mean?
- when a client begins to transfer their feelings of a particular person in their life to their therapist
- they relate to their therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives
28
Aside from psychoanalysis, give another example of insight therapy.
client-centred therapy
29
What is client-centred therapy?
- an insight therapy that focuses on providing supportive emotional climate for the client, who plays a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy
30
According to carl rogers, in favour of client-oriented therapy, what is the cause of problems?
incongruence with one's self-concept and reality
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What is the goal of client-oriented therapy?
to restructure client's self-concept to better correspond to reality
32
In client-oriented therapy, what elements did Carl Rogers mention to be important in achieving the therapy's goal (reconstructing client's self image better to correspond with reality)? What do these elements mean
1) genuineness - therapist must be completely honest and spontaneous with the client
2) unconditional positive regard - complete nonjudgemental acceptance of the client as a person (accept what they have to say or do; but not always)
3) empathy = an understanding of the client's point of view
33
According to rogers, what causes recurrent anxiety?
- when one's self-concept is incongruent to reality --> recurrent anxiety --> defensive behaviour (self-defeating behaviour) ---> which worsens anxiety
34
What did Seligman say about psychology?
that it has focused too much on the negative aspects of human behaviour and argue to increase research on contentment, well-being, strengths and positive emotions
35
What is well being therapy?
a type of therapy used to enhance client's self-acceptance, purpose in life, autonomy and personal growth
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Well being therapy has been successfully used with treatment of what disorder?
mood and anxiety disorder
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Who developed well being therapy?
Giovanni Fava
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What is positive psychotherapy?
a therapy that allows clients to recognize their strengths, appreciate their blessings, savour experiences and forgive who have wronged them and find meaning in their lives.
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Who created positive psychology?
- Seligman and his colleagues
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Positive psychotherapy has been used to treat what disorder?
depression
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What is group therapy?
- a therapy that treat several people all at once
42
How many people do group therapies usually consist of? What is the ideal number?
4-15 people and 8 is the ideal number
43
In group therapy, what are the roles of the participants and the therapist ?
Participants = provide social support, help one another out by sharing strategies, thoughts, feelings
therapist = responsible for selecting his clients, setting goals for them, initiate and maintain therapeutic process, and protect group members from harm
44
What are the advantages of group therapy?
- saves money and time for patients and therapist
- show clients that they are not alone
- modelling and social support
- a safe environment for clients to vent and practice social skills
45
What are examples of group therapy? Define them.
1) Couple or Marital therapy = therapy for couples where the main focus is helping the relationship (com. skills, disclosure of affairs, imminent break up, effects on children etc aka relationship issues)
2) Family therapy = where the entire family as a unit is involved and the focus is family dynamics and communication. Usually a contributory to an individual's mental heath and well being
46
Are group therapies, well being therapies, positive psychotherapy examples of insight therapy?
YEs
47
What does behaviour therapy involve?
- the application of learning principles to direct efforts to change client's maladaptive behaviour
48
Behaviour therapy is based on the works of which psychologist?
BF Skinner
49
What is systemic desensitization?
a behaviour therapy used to reduce the anxiety responses of phobic patients by counterconditioning
50
Who invented the systemic desensitization?
Joseph Wolpe
51
What are the 3 steps off systemic desensitization. Explain them.
1) Building of anxiety hierarchy - the client builds a list of anxiety-arousing stimuli related to the specific anxiety
2) Muscle relaxation - client is trained deep muscle relaxation
3) Working through the anxiety hierarchy while keeping calm - client vividly imagines each stimuli listed in the anxiety hierarchy (starting from the least anxiety-arousing) while enforcing deep muscle relaxation techniques.
52
What is exposure therapy?
when a client is exposed to situations (real life but controlled setting) that they fear so that they can learn that these situations are just harmless
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What is aversion therapy? Give an example
a therapy that consists of combining aversive stimuli to another stimuli that elicit unpleasant responses.
- an alcoholic is given his favorite drink WITH a drug that causes vomiting. After this experience, the client develops a conditioned aversion to alcohol
54
Who are treated with aversion therapy?
- sexual deviants, alcoholics, drug addicts, smokers, shop lifters, overeaters, gamblers
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What is social skills training?
a type of behaviour therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modelling, behavioural rehearsals and shaping
56
In social skills training, what happens in modelling?
- client might be asked to watch someone (eg. friend) who exhibit good social skills in order to acquire appropriate responses through observation
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In social skills training, what happens in, behaviour rehearsal?
- client might engage in role playing to exercises to practice social techniques
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In social skills training, what happens in shaping?
- overtime, clients are asked to handle more complexed situations
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what are cognitive-behavioural therapies?
behaviour therapies that use various combinations of verbal interventions and behaviour modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking
60
What are cognitive therapies?
insight therapies that use specific strategies to change habitual thinking errors that underlie various disorders
61
What is a biofeedback?
Bodily function is monitored and gathered info are sent back to the client so that he/she can develop more control over their physiological processes.
62
The goal in cognitive-behaviour therapy is?
to change the way client thinks
63
Who invented cognitive therapy?
Alex Beck
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Alex beck invented what therapy?
cognitive therapy
65
Who invented the rational-emotive therapy?
Ellis
66
What happens in cognitive theory?
- clients are asked to detect their automatic negative thoughts "I am stupid"
- they are then trained to test the reality of this logic. The therapist helps the client realize that these thoughts are not true at all
- client are often given homework assignments to help them change their overt behaviour
67
Who came up with the self-instructional training?
Donald Meichenbaum
68
What is the self instructional training?
clients are taught to develop and use verbal statements to cope with difficult contexts
69
What is a mindfulness-based-cognitive-behavioural-therapy?
a therapy commonly used to prevent relapse of depression
70
What are the key factors in mindfulness-based-cognitive-behavioural therapy?
1) increased awareness = being aware of where our attention is going to and at the same time being able to bring it back to focus
2) present moment - being able to bring back mind into the present when are dwelling on the past or ruminating about the future
3) self-compassion - compassion for oneself and experiences
4) accepting things as they are
71
Who created the mindfulness-based-cognitive-behaviour therapy?
Zindel Segal
72
What is the goal in biomedical therapy?
to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorder
73
What is a psychopharmacotherapy?
a biomedical treatment for mental disorders which involve medication usage. aka drug therapy
74
What are some examples of antianxiety drugs used in psychopharmacotherapy?
Valuum, Xanax and Buspar
75
What are antianxiety drugs supposed to do?
relieve tension, apprehension and nervousness
76
What are antipsychotic drugs?
- drugs prescribed in drug therapy to reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions etc
77
Examples of antipsychotic drugs.
Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol, Clozapine
78
What sideeffects do antipsychotic drugs bring?
- parkinson's disease and tardive dykenesia (an incurable neurological disorder marked by involuntary tick like movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands or feet
79
What is tardive dyskinesia?
(an incurable neurological disorder marked by involuntary tick like movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands or feet
80
What are new antipsychotic drug(s) that have fewer side effects?
clozapine
81
What are antidepressants?
drugs used in drug therapy to elevate client's mood and bring him/her out of depression
82
What three major groups of antidepressants?
1) Tricyclics
2) MAO Inhibitors (MAOIs)
3) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
83
Give some examples of tricyclics?
Elavil and torfranil
84
Give some examples of MAO Inhibitors.
Nardil
85
Give some examples of SSRI.
- prozac, praxil and zoloft
86
Which category of antidepressants are commonly prescribed?
SSRIs
87
What are mood stabilizers?
drugs used to control mood swings in bipolar mood disorders
88
What are some examples of mood stabilizers.
Lithium and Valproic acid
89
What is lithium?
a mood stabilizing chemical used to treat bipolar mood disorders. It is successful at preventing future episodes of mania and depression but there is severe side effects therefore careful monitoring is required
90
What is vaproic acid or vaproate?
- a mood stabilizing drug that work similarly like lithium but has less side effects
91
What does ECT stand for?
electroconvulsive therapy
92
What is ECT?
- a biomedical therapy that uses electric shock to cause a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions.
93
How do SSRIs work?
- they slow down serotonin reuptake which increases activity only at serotonin synapses
94
How do tricyclics work?
- they inhibit reuptake at serotonin and norepinephrine synapses which elevates activity at both synapses. they also block some subtypes of postsynaptic receptors
95
How do MAO work?
- they disable MAO enzymes that would normally metabolize and inactivate neurotransmitters at dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin synapses
96
What is a TMS?
a technique that allows scientists to temporarily depress or enhance activity in a specific area of the brain
97
What does TMS stand for>
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation
98
What is Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)?
- a biomedical technique in which a thin electrode is surgically implanted in the brain and connected to an implanted pulse generator so that various electrical impulses can be sent to brain tissues adjacent to the electrode
99
What is DBP used for??
treating parkinson's disease and seizure disorders but it is believed that it could be applied to OCD and depression as well
100
What is electricism?
drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one system
101
What is one problem surrounding psychological treatment
- managed care or health care systems that involve pre-paid plans with small copayments that are run by health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are negatively impacting psychological treatments because in exchange for lower payments, clients are giving up the freedom to choose the help providers and whatever treatment they need.
102
In terms of culture, what is the problem that exists in psychotherapy?
That heavy Western influences/origins of psychotherapy
103
What is deinstitutionalization?
refers to transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community based facilities that emphasize outpatient care
104
What is the problem with deinstitutionization?
1) it causes the revolving door problem where an inpatient who has severe mental illness is sent back to community based facilities that are not ready to provide adequate outpatient care. Then are then sent back to inpatient care
2) homelessness
