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Psychology > Chapter 8 - Language > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Language Flashcards

(53 cards)

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0
Q

What is language?

A

It consists of symbols that convey meaning, and can be combined together to generate infinite messages

It is also Symbolic = words can represent objects events
It is Semantic = meaningful
It is Generative = can be combined to produce lots of messages
It is Structured = there are laws and rules that state the arrangement of these words into phrases and sentences

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1
Q

What did Chomsky contribute to the cognitive revolution

A

New model of language

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2
Q

What is the Hierarchical Structure of Language?

A

basic sounds are combined into units of meaning –> combined into words –> combined into phrases –> combined into sentences

It consists of Phonemes, Morphemes, Words, Phrases, Sentences

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4
Q

What are Morphemes?

A

basic unit of meaning

  • about 50, 000 in english
  • root words
  • prefixes
  • suffixes
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5
Q

What does Semantic mean?

A
  • meaning of words and word combinations
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7
Q

Define connotation & denotation

A

connotation - the word’s emotional overtones or secondary implications

denotation - the actual, literal, dictionary meaning of a word

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8
Q

What did Miller contribute to the cognitive revolution?

A

memory

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9
Q

What are infants’ vocalization and is culturally similar?

A

cooing, crying, babbling

yes they are culturally similar

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10
Q

What happens with a child’s language at their 12 month?

A

first word is spoken
eg. mama. dada, papa

  • usually, they’re receptive language is better than their expressive knowledge
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11
Q

Define receptive language

A

understanding or comprehension of language

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12
Q

What is a Phoneme?

A

basic units of speech

  • there are about 100 possible phonemes
  • but only 40 is used in English
  • 20-80 in other languages
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13
Q

Define expressive language

A

being able to put thoughts into words and sentences

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14
Q

What happens with a child’s language between 18-24 months?

A

vocabulary spurt, fast mapping, overextension, underextension

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15
Q

What is a vocabulary spurt?

give examples

A

when the child learns a lot of words

Example:
a first grader will know 10,000 words
a fifth grader will know 40, 000 words
a 2 year old can learn 20 words per week

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16
Q

What is fast mapping?

A

The child’s ability to learn a word with just a single exposure to it

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17
Q

What did the Gardners contribute to Animal Language

A

they taught a chimpanzee named Washoe 160 words via American Sign Language.

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19
Q

What is the difference between overextension and underextension?

A

Overextension - using a word incorrectly on a wider set of objects/actions than its meant to.
eg. using the word “ball” for any round object

Underextension - using a word incorrectly on a narrower set of objects/actions than its meant to.
eg. using the word “doll” on a single favorite doll. The other dolls are irrelevant

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20
Q

Define Telegraphic speech

A

Using only main words and taking out prepositions, articles and other less critical words

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21
Q

What does MLU stand for? What does it calculate and what is it used for?

A

Mean Length of Utterance

It measures a child’s average length of spoken words

Used for research on Children Language

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22
Q

What is Languistic Relativity

A

one’s language can affect the way they think or perceive things

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24
Q

Who taught a bonobo chimpanzee geometric symbols that represented words on a computer-monitored keyboard?

A

Savage-Rumbaugh

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25
Q

What does the Interactionist , Cognitive, Social Communication, Emergentist, Theorists say about Langue Acquisition?

Study These Flashcards
A

suggests that biology and experience contribute to learning of language

  • Cognitive Theory = as you develop cognitively, you develop linguistically as well. It depends on maturity and experience
  • Social Communication Theory - that interpersonal communication and social context is important in language evolution
  • Emergentist - neural circuits regarding language are NOT pre-wired. Rather they build as you are exposed to knowledge
26
Q

At what age does the babbling start to resemble surrounding knowledge?

27
Q

At what age can the child combine words into sentences and what type of speech to they use

Study These Flashcards
A

Age 2

Telegraphic Speech

29
What is a well defined problem?
It gives you the initial state, goal state, and constraints
30
What the barriers to problem solving and define them
1) Irrelevant Information - self explanatory 2) Functional Fixations - an item is only seen for its common use 3) Mental Set - wanting to use a strategy that has worked in the past on a new problem 4) Unnecessary Constraints - thinking these rules exist when they dont
31
What is algorithm?
- a systematic trial and error and has a guaranteed solution
32
What is overregularization?
When a child generalizes grammatical rules incorrectly on irregular cases aka applying rules where its not supposed to
33
What is a problem space?
A series of possible solutions a problem solver considers
34
What are some strategies in solving problems heuristically?
- working backwards - changing the way the problem is presented - searching for analogies - setting subgoals - incubation = resting until a new solution comes up
35
What is additive strategy?
Making decisions by rating the attributes of each alternative. Choosing the alternative with the most desirable attribute
36
What is Availability Heuristic?
estimating the probability of an event based on personal encounters
37
What is the Behaviourist Theory on Language Acquisition?
- Skinner said that children learn language through conditioning, reinforcing and imitation
39
What is representative heuristic
- Basing the probability of that even from the typical prototype of that event AKA stereotyping
40
The Conjugation fallacy is?
when the odds of two uncertain events from occurring together is higher than the odds of them happening alone
41
The Alternative Outcome Effects
When the person's beliefs whether an event will changes, depending on how the alternatives outcomes is distributed, even though the summed probability of the alternative outcomes is constant
42
Define behavioural economics
It is the study on effects of human decision making process on economic decisions
43
What is Framing
- how decision issues are posed or how they are structured/presented eg. gas station prices
44
What factors play into making risky decisions?
- Expected Value = What you will get as a result - Subject Utility = what that outcome means to you as a person - Subject Probability = estimated probability of getting that outcome which is usually inaccurate and subjective
45
What did Gigerenzer say about human decision making?
- that humans do not have enough time, resources and capacities consider all the factors or attributes of alternatives to make a perfect decision. - Instead we use fast or frugal heuristics which is quick, less than perfect but adaptive
46
Define Metalinguistic Awareness
- being aware on the way language is used - meaning resides in the mind not in the name - meaning goes beyond the name - language can be manipulated in so many ways
47
What is heuristic?
- shortcuts - does NOT have a guaranteed solution - guesses - guiding principles to solve a problem without knowing the solution
48
What is Theory of Bounded Rationality?
states that often when people make decisions, it's simplistic. Their rationality is often limited by the information they have, their cognitive limitations and the time they have to make a decision.
49
What is it called when one expects the likelihood of bad outcomes instead of good outcomes?
Loss Aversion
50
Who proposed that decision making evolved to handle real life problems?
Cosmides & Tooby
51
Define myside bias.
evaluating evidence slanted in favour of one's own opinions
52
What are the three types of Problem Solving
1) Problems of Inducing Structure = patterns and relationships of numbers, words, symbols (eg. analogies) 2) Problems of Arrangement = requires the solver to arrange parts of the problem to fit the criterion being asked 3) Problems of Transformation = requires to make a series of changes or transformations to receive goal. Usually has constraints
53
Define Overestimating the Improbable
when people tend to overestimate the likelihood of vivid, dramatic, but infrequent events that get heavily covered by the media eg. car accidents vs plane accidents
54
What do you call it when one seeks information to support one's own decisions while ignoring discriminatory information
Confirmation Bias
55
What happens at age 3 with a child's language ability???
They're able to understand complex ideas but still makes grammatical errors such as overregularization
57
Who introduced problem solving to the cognitive revolution?
Simon & Newell
58
The tendency to ignore base rates
- Ignoring statistics
59
What is Elimination by Aspect?
Making a decision by cutting out the alternatives that give undesriable attributes

Psychology (8 decks)

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