Chapter 14 Flashcards
(176 cards)
0
Q
The use of the medical method in abnormal behaviour has done what?
A
caused people to be somewhat more sensitive to people who are suffering
1
Q
What does the medical model say about abnormal behaviour?
A
That it is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a disease
2
Q
Who argues against the medical model? Why
A
Thomas Szas. because he think psychological problems are problems in living rather than actual psychological problems
3
Q
What is the criteria for determining abnormal behaviour?
A
1) Is it deviant (doesn’t follow social norms)
2) Is it maladaptive (impairing a person’s everyday behaviour)
3) Is it causing them personal distress?
4
Q
for a person do be diagnosed with a psychological disorder, do they have to meet all the factors included in the criteria used to determine abnormal behaviour? Yes or no, what does this mean?
A
- no
- this means that diagnosing someone with a psychological disorder requires value judgements
5
Q
Why can’t people be classified into two groups, abnormal and normal? What does this mean?
A
Because it’s hard to know when to draw the line
- it’s a continuum
6
Q
What are the common stereotypes for people with psychological disorder?
A
1) They are violent and dangerous
2) They are incurable
3) They are completely different from normal people and they behave in bizarre ways
7
Q
What does diagnosis mean?
A
distinguishing on illness from another
8
Q
What does epidemiology mean?
A
the study of distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population.
- it considers age, sex, etc
9
Q
What is prevalence?
A
- refers to the percentage of people who exhibits a disorder during a specified time period
10
Q
What is lifetime prevalence?
A
refers to the percentage of people who have been diagnosed with a specific disorder at any time in their lives.
11
Q
According to research, what percentage of people will develop sometime of psychological disorder in their lives?
A
about 44%
12
Q
What is etiology?
A
refers to the causation and development history of an illness
13
Q
What is prognosis?
A
forecast about the probably course of an illness (how long it could run for)
14
Q
Females tend to suffer through internalizing disorder (any mood or anxiety disorder) than males. Why is that?
A
- due to rumination
- women tend to focus more on internal feelings and take things to themselves
15
Q
Which sex is holds a higher rate in substance dependence disorders? why is that
A
men because men don’t tend to seek help unlike women that portray help seeking behaviour
16
Q
What is the taxonomy used to classify mental disorders?
A
DSM
17
Q
Who created the DSM?
A
The APA or the American Psychiatric Association
18
Q
When what the DSM created?
A
1952
19
Q
At this point, what version of DSM is being used?
A
DSM 5
20
Q
What does DSM stands for
A
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
21
Q
In the DSM 4, how are mental disorders classified?
A
By using a multiaxial system
22
Q
How many axises are present in the DSM 4
A
5
23
Q
in DSM 4, what does Axis 1 deal with ?
A
Clinical Disorders
24
What does Axis II deal with/
Personality disorders and mental retardation
25
What does Axis III deal with?
general medical conditions
| - physical disorders or conditions such as diabetes, hypertension etc
26
What does Axis IV deal with?
Psychosocial and environmental factors that can influence the diagnosis and prognosis and treatments of mental disorders.
This could be like recent divorce, jobs in jeopardy etc.
- the types of experiences they have experienced last year
27
What does Axis V deal with?
a scale of global assessment of functioning.
| - 10 being dangerous to others and 100 to superior functioning in a wide range of activities
28
Where are diagnosis of disorders made?
Axises I and II
29
What is the goal of the multiaxial system in DSM 4
to impart information beyond traditional diagnostic label.
30
Does the multiaxial system exist in DSM 5?
no
31
What is comorbidity?
the coexistence of two or more disorders
32
Can a person be diagnosed in Axis I and II at the same time?
yes
33
What are anxiety disorders?
A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety
34
What are examples of anxiety disorder?
1) generalized anxiety disorder
2) phobic disorder
3) panic disorder and agoraphobia
4) obsessive compulsive disorder
5) post traumatic stress disorder
35
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
high level of anxiety that isn't tied to a specific threat
36
generalized anxiety disorder is also known as as?
free floating anxiety
37
What is phobic disorder?
persistent irrational fear of an object or a situation
| - so there is a specific focus of fear
38
what are some common phobic disorders
1) acrophobia
2) claustrophobia
4) brontophobia
5) hydrophobia
39
What is acrophobia?
fear of heights
40
What is claustrophobia?
fear of small enclosed spaces
41
What is brontophobia?
fear of storms and typhoons
42
What is hydrophobia?
fear of water
43
What is a panic disorder?
recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occur suddenly and unexpectedly
44
How does panic disorder relate to agoraphobia?
Frequent attacks can lead them to concerns of having one in public which leads them to being afraid of going out and develop agoraphobia (fear of going out in places)
45
What is obsessive compulsive disorder?
persistent uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsession) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsion)
46
In OCD, obsession usually centres on what?
focuses on causing harm to others, personal failures, suicide and sexual act
47
What are some common compulsions present in OCD?
- constant hand washing
- cleaning things that are already clean
- endless checking and rechecking of locks
48
What is post traumatic stress disorder?
an anxiety disorder that can develop after an individual has experienced or witness major trauma
49
Is PTSD still considered an anxiety disorder in DSM 5?
no
50
what is a concordance rate?
it indicates the percentage of paired twins or other pairs that exhibit the same disorder
51
What does twin studies say about anxiety disorders in terms of biological factors?
- that there might be some genetic predisposition associated with anxiety disorders
- and this genetic predisposition are more likely to be associated with people who are sensitive to the physiological symptoms of anxiety (anxiety sensitivity) meaning once these symptoms are experienced, they overreact and cause them to have even more anxiety
52
What other biological factors promotes anxiety disorder?
- abnormalities in nt at the GABA synapse have been implicated in some types of anxiety disorder
- abnormalities in serotonin synapses have been implicated in panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders
53
What does conditioning and learning say about anxiety disorder? Give an example
- that anxiety disorder can be developed through classical conditioning and observational conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning.
- a child buried in the snow for fun might grow up and fear the snow because of this childhood event. Because of this, the individual might a avoid snow which is a negative reinforcer to reduce anxiety. Therefore, anxiety is maintained by operant conditioning
- children might also develop anxiety disorders by observing people (eg. parents) around them. If these people tend to elicit fear filled behaviour or anxious behaviour towards an object and situations, the child might grow up with that same mentality.
54
What does evolution theory say about anxiety disorder?
- that people are biologically prepared by evolutionary history acquire some fears much more easily than others.
- this explains why some people are afraid of snakes (which are ancient sources) than modern threats like electrical wires
- evolved module for fear learning is automatically activated by stimuli related to survival threats in evolutionary history and is hard to suppress the resulting fears
55
The concept of preparedness, is an evolutionary factor? What does it state and who invented this concept?
It states that people are biologically prepared by their evolutionary history to acquire fears more easily than others
- Martin Seligman
56
What is the evolved module of fear learning? Who created this?
- it's an evolutionary factor affecting anxiety
- it's a module that is automatically turned on by stimuli relating to survival threats of evolutionary history and the resulting fear is hard to suppress despite the effort given
-Ohman and Mineka
57
What does cognitive factors say about anxiety disorder?
That people's way of thinking can influence the likelihood of developing anxiety. People who will develop anxiety tend to overthink harmless situations as threatening, selectively recall information that seems threatening, and focus excessive attention on perceived threat s
58
What personality trait is linked to anxiety disorders?
neuroticism
59
What is the precipitator of anxiety disorders?
stress
60
What are dissociative disorders?
a class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory which results to disruptions in sense of identity
61
What are examples of dissociative disorders?
1) dissociative amnesia
2) dissociative fugue
3) dissociative identity disorder
62
What is a dissociative amnesia?
a loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be a cause of normal forgetting
63
In dissociative amnesia, how much memory is lost?
- memory for a single traumatic event OR an extended time period around that event
64
What is dissociative fugue?
when a person lose memory for their entire life. They lose their sense of identity; they don't know their name, where they live, family etc. but they do remember things unrelated to their identity such as how to do math and how to drive a car
65
What is a dissociative identity disorder?
a disorder in which two or more opposing personalities co-exist in one individual.
66
what has been thought to cause DID?
severe childhood emotional trauma though this link is not unique to DID since it can cause a lot of disorders
67
Which sex will experience DID more likely?
female
68
What is the controversy behind DID?
some theorists believe that people with DID are engaging in intentional role playing and are using mental illness to cover up their personal failings and therapists can strengthen this behaviour. Some theorists disagree
69
About how many American psychiatrists believe that there is solid scientific evidence to the validity of DID? (in fraction)
1/4
70
What are mood disorders?
Class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to physical, perceptual, social and thought processes
71
What are the two basic groups of mood disorder?
unipolar and polar
72
What is a unipolar mood disorder?
when the individual only experiences one end of the mood continuum (eg. depression)
73
What is a bipolar mood disorder?
when an individual experiences both ends of the mood continuum (eg. mania and depression)
74
What is a major depressive disorder?
a mood disorder marked by slow thought processes, extreme sadness, low self-esteem and loss of interest in previous matters that evoked pleasure.
75
What is the central feature of depression or major depressive disorder?
anhedonia
76
What is anhedonia?
- a diminished ability to experience pleasure
| - central feature of depression
77
Major depression is also called?
unipolar depression
78
What is the lifetime prevalence of major depression?
between 7 to 18%
79
Is the prevalence for major depression increasing or decreasing
increasing
80
Major depression affects what age group the most and what sex?
most recent age cohorts and females
81
How high is major depression rate women than in men?
2x (double)
82
What is dysthymic disorder?
a diagnosis given to people who suffer mild depression or chronic depression but isn't sufficient enough to be called major depression
83
What is bipolar disorder?
a mood disorder characterized by experiences of one or more manic episodes usually accompanied by periods of depression?
84
What happens in maniac episodes in terms of bipolar disorder?
an individual's mood elevates to the point of euphoria
85
Bipolar disorder affects what percentage of the population?
1%-2%
86
Which sex is more likely to develop bipolar disorder?
both sex
87
What is cyclothymic disorder"?
a diagnosis given to an individual experiencing chronic but mild bipolar disturbances
88
what is seasonal affective disorder?
a type of depression that follows seasonal patterns
89
What is postpartum depression?
A type of depression that sometimes occur after childbirth
90
What does genetics have to do with mood disorders?
- research shows genetic vulnerability to mood disorders.
| - predisposition
91
What synapses are connected with mood disorders?
norepinephrine and serotonin synapses in the brain
92
what are neurochemical factors affecting mood disorders ?
Mood disorders are accompanied with changes in neurochemical activity in the brain, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin synapses
93
What are cognitive factors affecting mood disorder?
- cognitive model states that negative thinking contributes to depression
- learned pessimistic and helpless explanatory style are predisposing individuals to depression
- hopelessness theory states that hopelessness is the final pathway to depression
- a combination low self esteem and high stress can contribute to depression as well
94
What do Seligman say about mood disorders?
That pessimistic and helpless explanatory style are predisposing individuals to depression
95
what are hormonal factors contributing to mood disorders?
hyperactivity in the HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis) in response to stress can lead to development of depressioon
- depressed people have high levels of cortisol which are stress hormones produced by the HPA activity
96
What are dispositional factors to mood disorders?
- perfectionism can lead to depression
| - two personalities such as sociotropy and autonomy
97
Sociotropic individuals are?
they avoid interperonsal problems and emphasize on pleasing everyone
98
autonomous individuals are?
oriented towards their own personal achievement and dependance
99
What are the three types of perfectionism?
1) Self-oriented perfectionism
2) other-oriented perfectionism
3) socially prescribed perfectionism
100
What is self-oriented perfectionism?
setting high standards for oneself
101
What is other-oriented perfectionism?
setting high stands for others
102
What is socially prescribed perfectionism?
the tendency to perceive that others are setting high standards for oneself
103
How does interpersonal root (behavioural factors) contribute to mood disorder?
- poor interpersonal and social skills lead to paucity of life's reinforcers such as top job, friends etc.
- people who are depressed are usually pessimistic and irritable which causes court rejection
- they tend to gravitate towards people who are just like them
- as a result depression deepens
104
What does concussion have to do with mood disorder?
can cause it
105
In terms of emotion, manic episodes are characterized by?
elated, euphoric, very sociable, impatient at any hindrance
106
In terms of emotion, depressive episodes are characterized by?
gloomy, hopelessness, socially withdrawn, irritable
107
in terms of cognitive characteristics, manic episodes are characterized by?
- racing thoughts
- flights of ideas
- desire of action
- impulsive behaviour
- talkative
- self confident
- delusions of grandeur
108
In terms of cognitive characteristics, depressive episodes are characterized by?
- slowed though processes
- obsessive worrying
- negative self-image
- inability to make decisions
- self-blame
- delusions of guilt and disease
109
In terms of motor characteristics, how are manic episodes characterized?
- hyperactive
- tireless
- requiring less sleep than usual
- increased sex drive and fluctuating appetite
110
In terms of motor characteristics, how are depressive episodes characterized?
- less active
- tired
- difficulty in sleeping
- decreased sex drive and appetite
111
What are some tips to prevent suicide?
1) take suicide talks seriously
2) provide empathy and social support
3) identify and clarify the crucial problem
4) do not promise to keep suicidal ideation a secret
5) in an acute crisis, do not leave a suicidal person alone
6) encourage professional help
112
What are schizophrenic disorders?
a class of disorders marked by hallucinations, delusions, disorganied speech and behaviour
113
What lies at the core schizophrenia?
disturbed thoughts
114
what lies at the core of mood disorders?
disturbed emotions
115
What percentage of the population in the US is affected by schizophrenia?
1%
116
What are the general symptoms of schizophrenia?
- delusions = false beliefs that are maintained even though they are clearly out of touch with reality (eg. belief that one is a tiger)
= delusions of grandeur where one thinks they are high ranking
- irrational thinking = chaotic thinking or loose associations (shifting topics in disjointed ways)
- hallucinations
- disturbed emotions
- deterioration of adaptive behaviour
117
Define the schizophrenic symptom, hallucination?
- sensory perception that occur in absence of real external stimulus or distortion of perceptual input
- could be visual or auditory hallucinations
118
What is the most common hallucination experienced by schizophrenic individuals?
auditory
119
Define the schizophrenic symptom, delusion?
false beliefs that are maintained even though they are clearly out of touch with reality
120
Schizophrenic individuals often show deterioration of adaptive functioning. What does this mean?
noticeable deficits in the quality of a person's routine functioning in work, social relation, and personal care
121
what are disturbed emotions schizophrenic individuals experience?
disturbed emotions can manifest as little emotional responsiveness or being blunt/flat OR they may display inappropriate emotional responses (laughing at something tragic, and crying at something funny)
122
Describe the prognosis of schizophrenia.
Favourable prognosis exists when the onset of the disorder is sudden and occurs at later age, if individual's social and work adjustments was good prior to the onset and low negative symptoms and if the individual has good social support system
123
How many subtypes of Schizophrenia are there in the DSM 4?
4 subtypes
124
What are the four subtypes of schizophrenia?
1) paranoid schizophrenia
2) catatonic schizophrenia
3) disorganized schizophrenia
4) undifferentiated schizophrenia
125
What is paranoid schizophrenia?
a subtype of schizophrenia dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur
- individuals believe they have an enemy and they are after them therefore they believe they must be someone important
126
What is catatonic schizophrenia?
a subtype of of schizophrenia marked by unusual motor behaviours.
127
What are the two types of motor behaviours catatonic schizophrenic individuals may go through?
1) catatonic excitement = where one acts bizarre, high-strung behaviours like pacing quickly and talking incoherently are shown
2) catatonic stupor = where one will remain frozen for periods of time
128
What is disorganized schizophrenia?
A subtype of schizophrenia where severe deterioration of adaptive behaviour is seen like incoherence, complete social withdrawal, delusions centering on bodily functions, laughing and gigglig
129
What is undifferentiated schizophrenia?
the diagnosis for people who dont fit in the other subtypes of schizophrenia. It is marked idiosyncratic mixture of schizophrenic symptoms
130
What is the new model of schizophrenic classification?
they should be classified into two groups: positive symptoms or negative symptoms
131
What is the positive symptom classification of schizophrenia?
deals with behavioural excesses or peculiarities like hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behaviour, and wild flights of ideas
132
What is the negative symptom classification of schizophrenia?
deals with behavioural deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy impaired attention and poverty of speecch
133
How does affect genetics affect development of schizophrenia? (etiology)
- research shows there is genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia
134
What neurochemical factors affect development of schizophrenia? (etiology)
changes in serotonin (maybe) and dopamine receptors are linked schizo
135
In terms of brain structure, how does it affect development of schizophrenia (etiology)?
- enlarged ventricles are associated with schizo
- abnormalities in the prefrontal(positive symptoms) and temporal(negative symptoms) lobes are associated with schizo
** but the question remains wether these abnormalities cause schizo OR are caused by schizo?
136
What does the neurodevelopmental hypothesis assert about schizophrenia? (etiology)
- malnutrition processes in the brain, viral infections, or any insults during prenatal development or at birth leads to neurological damages that can elevate chances of developing schizo
137
What is expressed emotion? How does this affect schizophrenia?
the degree to which a relative of a schizo patient displays highly critical or emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward the patient
- it is a good indicator of prognosis
138
Families with high expressed emotions affect schizophrenic relatives in what way?
they can cause relapse aka bad prognosis
139
precipitating stress and unhealthy family dynamics are linked to schizo? True or False
True
140
What are personality disorders?
class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning
141
What are the different clusters in personality disorder?
1) anxious-fearful cluster
2) dramatic-impulsive cluster
3) odd-eccentric cluster
142
What personality disorders make up the anxious-fearful cluster?
1) avoidant personality disorder = scared of rejection, shame and humiliation, socially withdrawn in spit of desire for acceptance from other
2) dependant personality disorder = low self esteem, low self reliance, passively allowing others to make all decisions, putting others needs first
3) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder = preoccupied with rules, organizations, schedules, lists. extremely convetional, serious, formal and can't show warm emotions
143
What personality disorders fall under the dramatic-impulsive cluster?
1) schizoid personality disorder = lack of warm emotions, can't build social relationships and aren't bother by it (they don't see a purpose in it)
2) schizotypal personality disorder = can't build relationships even if they wanted to, due to schizo like symptoms
3) paranoid personality disorder
144
What personality disorders fall under the odd-eccentric cluster?
1) Histrionic personality disorder = overly dramatic, attention seeking
2) narcissistic personality disorder = selfish, in love with self
3) borderline personality disorder = unstable image of self, mood, impulsive and unpredictable
4) antisocial personality disorder = failing to accept social norms, violating rights of others, failing to maintain a relationship or work behaviour, reckless and exploitive
145
what is the etiology of personality disorder?
- genetic vulnerability (predisposition)
- autonomic reactivity (slow nervous system that leads to deficit in inhibition)
- inadequate socialization
- observational learning
146
What are some disorders of child hood?
- depression
- post traumatic stress disorder
- OCD
- ADHD
- pervasive developmental disorders
- autism
1) autistic disorder
2) Asperger's disorder
3) pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
147
In the DSM 4, where does autism fall under in terms of category?
Pervasive developmental disorders
148
How many subtypes of autism are there? Name them
- 3
1) Autistic disorder
2) Asperger disorder
3) PDD-NOS
149
what are the deficits in autism?
1) impairment of social interaction
2) impairment in communication
3) repetitive, stereo typical behaviours, interest and activities
150
What is echolia?
a symptom of autism where the individual usually mimics what they hear or what they are told.
151
is OCD present in autism?
yes
152
what is high-order repetitive behaviour?
a symptom present in autism where the child exhibits special interest in specific topics, video games or characters on TV
153
According to the M'Naghen rule, what does it state in terms of insanity?
That one cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness
154
what is involuntary commitment?
it occurs when one is hospitalized against their will because they are a danger to themselves, to others and in need of treatment
155
When one is found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder, what happens?
may be absolutely discharged, given a conditional discharge or sent to a psychiatric ward
156
What is automatism
when one can't be convicted for a crime because they did not have control over their behaviour (eg. sleep walking, carbon monoxide poisoning, physical blows)
157
What does culture have to say about psychological disorders?
that principal categories of psychological disorders are easily identifiable in all cultures but some milder disorders may go unrecognized
158
What are culture bound disorders?
abnormal syndromes found only in some cultures
159
Give examples of of cultural bound disorders.
- koro = obsessive fear that one's penis will withdraw into one's abdomen
- windigo = intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into an animal
- anorexia nervosa = an eating disorder characterized by intentional self starvation.
160
Where is koro common?
in Malaya and some regions of southern Asia
161
Where is windigo common?
In algonquin indian cultures
162
Where is anorexia nervosa commonly found?
western cultures
163
What is pibloktoq?
an arctic hysteria associated with the Inuit
164
What is the realistic view of psychological disorders across cultures?
```
that the criteria for mental illness vary greatly among cultures and that there is no universal standards for whats abnormal or normal.
- people who believe in this view argue that the DSM reflects upon white, westernized, middle and upper class cultures
```
165
What is the pancultural view of psychological disorders among cultures?
That the criteria for mental illnesses is universal
166
what are eating disorders?
class of disorders centred on disturbances in eating behaviours characterized by preoccupation with weight and unhealthy efforts to control it
167
What is anorexia nervosa?
- intense fear of gaining weight, refusal to maintain weight and dangerous methods to lose weight
168
What are the two types of anorexia nervosa?
- restrictive type anorexia nervosa
| - binge-eating/purging anorexia nervosa
169
What is the difference between restrictive and bing-eating/purging anorexia nervosa?
- restrictive = limiting food intake drastically to the point of starvation
- binge-eating/purging = eating a little bit of food and forcing it out by excessive exercise, vomiting, misuse of laxatives and diuretics
170
What is the bulimia nervosa?
- out of control eating followed by abnormal purging like vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives and diuretics and excessive exercise
171
What is binge-eating disorder?
- out of control eating and not followed by purging
172
How does genetics influence eating disorders? (etiology)
- theres a little bit of genetic vulnerability
173
How does personality affect eating disorders?
- research shows that people with anorexia nervosa are often obsessive, rigid and emotionally restrained
- and people with bulimia nervosa are impulsive, low self esteem and overly sensitive
174
How does culture influence development of eating disorders? (etiology)
in western culture, women are made to believe that being thin is the only way to be beautiful (due to thin fashion models)
175
How do families affect development of eating disorders?
- parents promoting what they think is ideal beauty (being thin) and forcing it upon their children
