Chapter 13

Question 0

What is health psychology?

Answer 0

an area of psychology concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention and treatment of illness

Question 1

What is the biopsychosocial model

Answer 1

it states that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Question 2

What are the two appraisals in experiencing stress?

Answer 2

Primary and secondary appraisals

Question 3

What is a primary appraisal?

Answer 3

initial evaluation of whether an event is irrelevant, relevant but not threatening, or stressful

Question 4

What is a secondary appraisal

Answer 4

evaluating coping resources or options for dealing with stress

Question 5

What is the cumulative nature of stress?

Answer 5

Minor stresses can add up to become as stressful as a major traumatic event

Question 6

How are cognitive appraisals related to experiencing stress

Answer 6

how you perceive an even is what makes it stressful or not

Question 7

What is stress?

Answer 7

anything that threatens your well being and interfere with your coping ability

Question 8

What are acute stressors? Give an example

Answer 8

threatening events that have a relatively short durations and a clear endpoint.

• presenting in front of the class

Question 9

What are chronic stressors? Give an example.

Answer 9

threatening events that have a relatively long duration without a readily apparent time limit

• going through a divorces

Question 10

Are all stress negative?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

What are the four major types of stress?

Answer 11

1) Frustration
2) Conflict
3) Change
4) Pressure

Question 12

What is frustration? Give an example.

Answer 12

• a major type of stress that occurs when pursuit of goal is thwarted or blocked
  1) When you need to go to a business meeting but there’s a traffic jam

Question 13

Define conflict.

Answer 13

It’s a major type of stress that occurs when two or more incompatible motivations and behavioural impulses compete for expression.

Question 14

What are the three types of conflict

Answer 14

1) Approach-approach conflict
2) avoidance-avoidance conflict
3) approach-avoidance conflict

Question 15

what is an approach-approach conflict? Give an example.

Answer 15

when a person has two choose between two attractive goals.

1) You finished all your exams, should you turn up at the bar or enjoy wings night at hooters?

Question 16

What is an avoidance-avoidance conflict? Give an example.

Answer 16

when a person has to choose between two unattractive goals

eg. keep getting yelled at by parents or do chores

Question 17

What is an approach-avoidance conflict? Give an example

Answer 17

when one has to decide whether a single goal with positive and negative aspects should be pursued

eg. should you go report your boss’s inappropriate behaviour to stop him from harassing you and risk losing your job

Question 18

What is the hardest and the least hardest conflict?

Answer 18

Hardest = approach avoidance

Least = approach approach

Question 19

Define change.

Answer 19

any noticeable alterations in one’s life that requires readjustment.

Question 20

What is the social readjustment scale rating scale

Answer 20

A scale used to measure life changes as a form of stress. The higher the points the more stressful it is.

Question 21

How many stressful life changes are enlisted in the social readjustment rating scale?

Answer 21

43

Question 22

Who invented the social readjustment rating scale?

Answer 22

Holmes and Rahe

Question 23

Define pressure. Give an example

Answer 23

expectation or demand to behave in a certain way.

eg. pressure to become a successful doctor in a family of doctors.

Question 24

Can conflict, frustration, pressure and change all happen at once?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

Can different types of stresses occur at once?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

In terms of emotional response to stress, what emotions are felt in times of stress?

Answer 26

1) annoyance, anger, rage 2) apprehension, anxiety, fear 3) dejection, sadness, grief 4) positive emotions

Question 27

Response to stress is multidimensional. Stress can trigger emotional responses, physiological responses and behavioural responses. True or False

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Cognitive appraisals are linked to __________

Answer 28

emotions

Question 29

What does the inverted-U-hypothesis states?

Answer 29

That up to a certain point emotions can cause positive influences on your performances but once that point has been passed, performance level decreases.

Question 30

In terms of the inverted-U-hypothesis, what is relationship between emotion and performance in a simple task

Answer 30

can handle a high level of arousal (emotions) until performance begins to decline

Question 31

In terms of the inverted-U-hypothesis, what is relationship between emotion and performance in a medium task?

Answer 31

can handle level of arousal to a certain point until performance begins to decline

Question 32

In terms of the inverted-U-hypothesis, what is relationship between emotion and performance in a complex task

Answer 32

- performance level decreases right away | - can't even handle low levels of arousal

Question 33

What are the physiological responses in terms of stress?

Answer 33

fight or flight response and general adaptation syndrome

Question 34

Why is the fight or flight response irrelevant now in modern stressors?

Answer 34

because it's more applicable with survival threats in history

Question 35

Who discovered the fight or flight response?

Answer 35

Walter Cannon

Question 36

According to Seyle, does reaction relate to type of stressor?

Answer 36

no

Question 37

What is the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 37

A model of body's stress response, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Question 38

What happens in the first stage of Selye's General Adaptive Syndrome

Answer 38

in the presence of threat, one enters the alarm stage where physiological arousal musters its resources to combat the challenge

Question 39

What happens in the second stage of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 39

in the presence of chronic stress, the body goes through resistance where the physiological arousal stabilizes but still above baseline as the organism copes with the stressor

Question 40

What happens in the third stage of general adaptive syndrome?

Answer 40

resistance is the last stage where the body's resources are depleted.

Question 41

According to Selye, in what stage do diseases occur?

Answer 41

exhaustion stage

Question 42

What are the two pathways the hypothalamus initiate action to in the presence of stress?

Answer 42

1) Sympathetic nervous system | 2) pituitary gland and the endocrine system

Question 43

In the first pathway, the hypothalamus stimulates the SNS, which stimulates the __________ which is responsible for secretion of _________

Answer 43

adrenal medulla, catecholamines

Question 44

What are catecholamines responsible for?

Answer 44

mobilizing the body for action

Question 45

In the second pathway, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland which stimulates the the secretion of _________ which stimulates the _______ to control secretion of _______.

Answer 45

1) ACTH (adrenocorticorticotrophic hormone) 2) adrenal cortex 3) corticosteroid

Question 46

What are the corticosteroids responsible for?

Answer 46

providing energy and ward off tissue inflammation

Question 47

What is the key factor in behavioural responses to stress?

Answer 47

Coping

Question 48

Define coping

Answer 48

active efforts to master, reduce or tolerate the demands created by stress

Question 49

What is the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS)

Answer 49

- measures three stable coping dimensions which are task-oriented coping, emotion-oriented coping, avoidance-oriented coping

Question 50

What i the learned helplessness notion?

Answer 50

a behavioural response to stress marked by passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events aka giving up and accepting the way things are

Question 51

What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis say in terms of behavioural responses to stress?

Answer 51

- frustration can elicit aggressive behaviour

Question 52

What does freud contribute to behavioural responses to stress?

Answer 52

notion of catharsis

Question 53

What is catharsis?

Answer 53

release of emotional tension to Freud said could be a very good thing coping with stress but others say aggressive behaviour just leads to more anger

Question 54

In terms of behavioural responses to stress, what is self-indulging?

Answer 54

eating, drinking, smoking or shopping to cope with stress

Question 55

Defense coping via defensive mechanism is an example of a behavioural response to stress. True or False

Answer 55

True

Question 56

What is constructive coping?

Answer 56

a behavioural response to stress that involves realistic appraisals of situation and directly dealing with problems. In other words, the healthiest coping mechanism in stress dealing.

Question 57

Does constructive coping guarantee successful results?

Answer 57

no

Question 58

What is denial of reality?

Answer 58

a defense mechanism in which one protects himself from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it or face it

Question 59

Define fantasy.

Answer 59

A defense mechanism where one gratifies his frustrated desire by imaginary achievements

Question 60

what is intellectualization.

Answer 60

a defense mechanism where one avoids confronting a situation that brings unpleasant hurtful emotions by excessive logical reasoning?

Question 61

Define undoing.

Answer 61

trying to magically dispel or undo undesirable acts

Question 62

Define overcompensation

Answer 62

A defense mechanism where one tries to excel in an area to cover up weaknesses

Question 63

According Roy Baumeister, what is the effect of pressure (stress) on behavioural and psychological functioning

Answer 63

people who are pressured to perform may feel self-conscious which leads to disruption of attention which leads to "choking" under pressure

Question 64

What does burnout mean?

Answer 64

An effect of long term stress marked by physical, mental, emotional exhaustion, cynicism and lowered senses of self-efficacy which leads to hopelessness

Question 65

Can stress cause psychological disorders and problems?

Answer 65

yes

Question 66

Can stress produce positive effects? If so what are they?

Answer 66

- resilience - personal growth - improved coping skills

Question 67

What are psychosomatic diseases?

Answer 67

physical illnesses thought to have been caused by psychological factors

Question 68

give some examples of psychosomatic diseases

Answer 68

``` hypertension asthma ulcers migraine eczema ```

Question 69

Why has the term psychosomatic illness been disused?

Answer 69

because these illnesses are actually caused by stress, they're not just made up or thought to be in the head only

Question 70

What type of personality is heavily associated with heart disease?

Answer 70

Type A

Question 71

What are the three elements associated with Type A personality

Answer 71

1) strong competitiveness 2) impatience and time urgency 3) anger and hostility

Question 72

Out of all the elements associated with Type A personality, what is the most important predictor in heart disease

Answer 72

hostility

Question 73

Is depression a risk factor for heart disease?

Answer 73

yes

Question 74

Can emotional reactions trigger cardiac symptoms in people with stable coronary disease?

Answer 74

Yes

Question 75

How can stress affect immune response?

Answer 75

decreases it

Question 76

What is the stress-illness correlation saying?

Answer 76

That one or more aspects of personality, memory and physiology can influence relationship between illness and stress

Question 77

Does social support decrease or increase negative impact of stress?

Answer 77

decrease