Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue Flashcards by Kristen Fuentes

-Collects information through receptors and sensory input
-processes and evaluates information
-Initiates response to information

General Functions of the Nervous System

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General Functions of the Nervous System

-Collects information through receptors and sensory input
-processes and evaluates information
-Initiates response to information

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What does the Nervous system collect information through?

receptors and sensory input

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receptors detect stimuli and…..

General Functions of the Nervous System 1/3:

Collects information through receptors and sensory input

send sensory signals to spinal cord and brain

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What do receptors do?

Detect stimuli

-Send sensory signals to

(to spinal cord and brain)

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brain and spinal cord send motor output via nerves to what?

General Functions of the Nervous System 3 /3: initiates response to information

effectors (muscles or glands)

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What are some examples effectors

*brain and spinal cord send motor output via nerves to effectors

General Functions of the Nervous System 3 /3: initiates response to information

muscles or gland

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Structural organization of Nervous System

what 2 systems and what are those systems made of?

central nervous system (CNS) = brain + spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS) = nerves + glangia

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central nervous system (CNS) =

Structural organization of Nervous System

brain + spinal cord

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Afferent nervous system =

cary into

Afferent neurons carry information from

sensory receptors of skin/ organs ——> central nervous system

Sensory nervous system

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Is it a a Sensory Nervous System or Motor?

Efferent nervous system

(away from something)

efferent neurons carry motor information AWAY

from the CNS ——-> muscles and glands of the body.

Motor nervous system

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2 Sensory System under Sensory nervous system

Somatic-detects stimuli we consciously perceive

Visceral- detects stimuli we typically do not perceive
(ex:) signals from the heart or kidneys

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Under Sensory Nervous System

detects stimuli we consciously perceive

Somatic Sensory Sytem

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detects stimuli we typically do not perceive

(ex:) signals from the heart or kidneys

Visceral Sensory System

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2 Systems under Motor nervous system

Somatic motor system - sends voluntary signals to skeletal muscles

Autonomic motor system- (visceral motor) sends involuntary commands to heart, smooth muscle, and glands

(Has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions)

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What motor system sends voluntary signals to skeletal muscles

Somatic motor system

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Under What Motor System?

(visceral motor) sends involuntary commands to heart, smooth muscle, and glands

Autonomic motor system

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What has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Autonomic motor system- (visceral motor) sends involuntary commands to heart, smooth muscle, and glands

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: a collection of axons that are wrapped in connective tissue

Nerves

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connective tissue wrappings of Nerves

what encloses the entire nerve

Epineurium

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What ensheaths the fascicles of axons

Perineurium

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What wraps each axon (and its surrounding neurolemmocyte

Endoneurium

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Parts of a neuron

cell body (soma)
cytoplasm (perikaryon)
dendrites
axon

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What Part of the Neuron?

(receive input and transfer it to cell body)

dendrites

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Soma is also known as

cell body

perikaryon is also known as

cytoplasm

**multipolar**: many dendrites, one axon extend from soma (most common type) **bipolar**: one dendrite and one axon extend from soma **unipolar**: one axon extends from soma **anaxonic**: have dendrites but no axons

Structural Classification of Neurons

# Structural Classification of Neurons many dendrites, one axon extend from soma (most common type)

multipolar

# Structural Classification of Neurons one dendrite and one axon extend from soma

bipolar

# Structural Classification of Neurons one axon extends from soma

unipolar

# Structural Classification of Neurons Have dendrites but no axons

**anaxonic**:

most common type Structural Classification of Neurons

multipolar- many dendrites, one axon extend from soma

sensory neurons (afferent neurons) motor neurons (efferent neurons) interneurons (association neurons)

Functional classification of Neurons

# Functional classification of Neurons (afferent neurons) = (efferent neurons)= (association neurons)=

**Sensory neurons (**afferent neurons)- cary into **motor neurons **(efferent neurons)- carry out **interneurons **(association neurons)**

# Functional classification of Neurons What make up 99% of our neurons

Interneurons (association neurons)

Also known as neuroglia

Glial Cells | (1/2 Types of Cells in nervous system)

nerves contain sensory neurons sending signals to CNS

sensory Nerve | Afferent ## Footnote Afferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord)

nerves contain motor neurons sending signals from CNS

Motor Nerves ## Footnote efferent neurons carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body.

What type of nerve contains both sensory and motor neurons

mixed nerves

glial cells are found in what type of system?

Nervous System

Four types of glial cells within the central nervous system include

-astrocytes -ependymal cells -microglia -oligodendrocytes

most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system

astrocytes ## Footnote help form blood-brain barrier by wrapping perivascular feet around brain capillaries

What glial cell help form blood-brain barrier by wrapping perivascular feet around brain capillaries

astrocytes

astrocytes help form blood-brain barrier by doing what?

wrapping perivascular feet around brain capillaries

# What glial cell has: -phagocytic cells of immune system that engulf infectious agents -Remove debris from damaged CNS tissue

microglia | glial cells within the central nervous system

What glial cell remove debris from damaged CNS tissue

microglia

extensions wrap around axons of neurons forming myelin sheath myelin insulation allows for faster action potential propagation Is what type of glial cell in the CNS

oligodendrocytes

oligodendrocytes have a myelin insulation that allows for what

faster action potential propagation

Two types of glial cells within the peripheral nervous system

neurolemmocytes satellite cells

# 1/2 types of glial cells within the peripheral nervous system arranged around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion protect the neuron cell bodies located in the ganglia

Satellite cells

Where are Neuron bodies located?

Ganglia ## Footnote Satellite Cells help protect nueron cell bodies located in the ganglia

# 2/2 types of glial cells within the peripheral nervous system Ensheath PNS axons with myelin myelin allows for faster action potential propagation

Neurolemmocytes

the process by which part of an axon is wrapped and insulated with myelin.

Myelination

in **PNS** the glia (that myelinate) are ## Footnote Peripheral: nerves + ganglia

Neurolemmocytes

What does Myelin Insulate? | Myelination

An axon

In **CNS** the glia (that myelinate) are ## Footnote Central: Brain + Spinal Cord

Oligodendrocytes

How many gates does Voltage- gated sodium channels have? How many states can they be in?

2 gates 3 States

3 states of Voltage gated Sodium Channels

resting (closed) activation (open) inactivation (closed)

Activation gate closed Inactivation gate opens -Entry of Na+ prevented

resting (closed)

Activation gate opens (due to voltage change) inactivation gate opens Na+ moves through channel ## Footnote Activation/ Inactivation/ Resting

Activation (open)

Activation gate open; inactivation gate closed Entry of Na+ prevented This state lasts a short time – the channel quickly resets to resting state ## Footnote Activation/ Inactivation/ Resting

inactivation (closed)

which 2 states occur the entry of Na + are prevented? ## Footnote Activation/ Inactivation/ Resting

Resting + Inactivation

More K+ in cytosol More Na+ in interstitial fluid Resting membrane potential (RMP), average is –70 mV.

Characteristics of resting neurons

This state lasts a short time – the channel quickly resets to resting state ## Footnote Activation/ Inactivation/ Resting

Inactivation

# Characteristics of resting neurons K+ is more concentrated in the

Cystosol (compared to interstitial fluid)

Na+ is more concentrated in the

Interstitial fluid (compared to the than in the cystosol)

resting membrane potential (RMP), is how many mV.

-70 mV

Electrical + Chemical gradients between two areas

Electrochemical gradients

does K+ diffuse IN or OUT of the cell

OUT

if K+ were the only ion that leaked...

RMP would be where K+ concentration is. & electrical gradients are at equilibrium (-90 mV)

RMP would be where K+ concentration is if

K+ were the only ion that leaked...

electrical gradients are at equilibrium (-90 mV) if

K+ were the only ion that leaked...

Na+ diffuses **IN or OUT** due to its concentration gradient and the electrical gradient

Na+ diffuses IN due to

its concentration gradient and the electrical gradient

this small Na+ leakage means RMP is what (Less or more negative) At what mv?)

less negative (so it is -70 mV)

This small Na+ leakage means RMP is less negative what mV?

-70 mV

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are what

**depolarizations** caused by Na+ entry

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are depolaerizations caused by what

Na+ entry

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are

**hyperpolarizations** caused by cation exit or anion entry

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are hyperpolarizations caused by

cation exit or anion entry

multiple locations on cell’s receptive regions receive neurotransmitter simultaneously and generate postsynaptic potentials.

Spatial summation

a single presynaptic neuron repeatedly releases neurotransmitter and produces multiple EPSPs within a very short period of time

temporal summation:

Continuous conduction occurs on what type of axons | myelinated or unmyelinated ?

unmyelinated axons

Saltatory conduction occurs on what type of axons | myelinated or unmyelinated ?

myelinated axons

# Saltatory conduction occurs if the axon is myelinated action potential occurs only at ____ | what type of node?

neurofibril nodes

conduction speed depends on what ?

axon thickness and myelination

What fiber conducts faster ? Thin or Thick?

**thicker fibers** conduct faster

What fiber conducts faster ? myelinated fibers or unmyelinated ?

myelinated fibers conduct faste

Interneurons are organized into what? classified into how many types?

neuronal pools, and are classified into 4 types ## Footnote 4 Types: Converging Diverging Reverberating Parallel-after-discharge

input converges at a single postsynaptic neuron E.g. sight, sounds, and smells of cooking lead one output: salivation ## Footnote Four types of circuits: Converging Diverging Reverberating Parallel-after-discharge

Converging

E.g. sight, sounds, and smells of cooking lead one output: salivation ## Footnote Four types of circuits: Converging Diverging Reverberating Parallel-after-discharge

Converging ## Footnote input converges at a single postsynaptic neuron

Spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons Ex: neurons in the brain that control walking send commands to several different muscles form proper balance, posture, and motion ## Footnote Four types of circuits: Converging Diverging Reverberating Parallel-after-discharge

Diverging

Ex: neurons in the brain that control walking send commands to several different muscles form proper balance, posture, and motion ## Footnote Four types of circuits: Converging Diverging Reverberating Parallel-after-discharge

Diverging ## Footnote Spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons

use feedback to produce repeated, cyclical activity E.g. circuits that keep us breathing regularly during sleep ## Footnote Four types of circuits: Converging Diverging Reverberating Parallel-after-discharge

Reverberating

Ex: circuits that keep us breathing regularly during sleep ## Footnote Four types of circuits: Converging Diverging Reverberating Parallel-after-discharge

Reverberating ## Footnote use feedback to produce repeated, cyclical activity

Input transmitted simultaneously along several paths to a postsynaptic cell Believed to be involved in higher-order thinking ## Footnote Four types of circuits: Converging Diverging Reverberating Parallel-after-discharge

parallel-after-discharge

Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

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