Chapter 4: Biology of the Cell

Question 1

three major structural components of a cell

Answer 1

• nucleus: largest structure in the cell
• plasma membrane
• cytoplasm:

Question 2

cytoplasm is composed of:

Answer 2

cytosol: intracellular fluid
organelles: two categories:

**membrane-bound organelles:
**
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria

**Non-membraned-bound organelles:
**
ribosomes
cytoskeleton
centrosome
proteasomes
**

Question 3

what are some membrane-bound organelles:

Answer 3

endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria

Question 4

non-membraned-bound organelles:

Answer 4

ribosomes
cytoskeleton
centrosome
proteasomes

Question 5

**Membrane Proteins **
What are 2 Structural Types

Answer 5

Integral proteins: embedded with, and extend across the phospholipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins: reside on either the internal or external surface of the plasma membrane.

Question 6

Membrane Transport:

movement of a substance from an area of greater concentrated —> Less

(passive or active)

Answer 6

Passive Processes: Diffusion

Question 7

Membrane Transport (1/2)

expenditure of cellular energy and include both active transport and vesicular transport.

Answer 7

Active Processes

Question 8

2 Types of Diffusiom

Simple diffusion and Facilitated diffusion

Answer 8

Simple diffusion-
unassisted movement of small and nonpolar molecules through the phospholipid bilayer.

Facilitated diffusion:
* transport of small charged or polar solutes that require assistance membrane proteins

• Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
  -Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion -how glucose is transported into the cell

Facilitated- Faciliate Polar
(Carries Glucose into Cell)

simple- nonpolar

Question 9

2 Types of Facilitated Diffusion

2 C’s

Answer 9

• Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

-Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion -how glucose is transported into the cell

(Carries Glucose into Cell)

Question 10

isotonic:
hypotonic:
hypertonic:

Answer 10

isotonic: Cytosol & solution = same concentration of solutes

hypotonic:
low solutes, higher concentration of water (solvent) than in cytosol

hypertonic more solutes than cytosol

Question 11

what moves (large) material secreted out of a cell?

what moves substances into a cell?

Answer 11

Exocytosis

Endocytosis (

Question 12

three types of Endocytosis are:

Phagocytosis:
Pinocytosis:
Receptor-mediated

Answer 12

Endocytosis moves substances into a cell.

**Phagocytosis: **cellular eating

pinocytosis: cellular drinking

receptor-mediated

“phag- Fat”. “Pine- Pine Sol”

Question 13

Rough ER
​
Smooth ER

Answer 13

Rough ER:
protein production by ribosomes
​
**Smooth ER:
synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids
carbohydrate metabolism
detoxification of drugs and poisons**
​

Smooth- skin, skin is fat, fat=lipid, fat= eating CARBS (Ca

Rough- Ribo

Question 14

Golgi apparatus function

Answer 14

-Modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins
- Formation of secretory vesicles

Corgi-

Question 15

Lysosomes function

Answer 15

Participate in digestion of unneeded substances

Question 16

Peroxisomes (Function)

membrane bound

Answer 16

Metabolic functions include (include both digestion and synthesis):
role in chemical digestion
beta oxidation (oxi)
lipid synthesis

Question 17

Endomembrane system

Answer 17

ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes]
mitochondria: complete digestion of fuel molecules to synthesize ATP (“Powerhouse” of the cell)

Question 18

Non-Membrane-Bound Organelles

Answer 18

Ribosomes: (protein synthesis)

Cytoskeleton (support, cell division, transport)

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

Question 19

Structures of the Cell’s External Surface

Answer 19

Cilia: sweep materials along the cell’s outer surface/ move fluid, mucus, and materials over the cell surface
Flagella:
located only on sperm, moves the sperm through the female reproductive tract.
Microvilli: increase cell surface area

gel=sperm

Question 20

Transcription:

Answer 20

RNA is formed from DNA

Copy of a gene formed from DNA in nucleus

3 types: messenger (mRNA), transfer (tRNA), ribosomal (rRNA)

Requires DNA, free ribonucleotides, and the enzyme RNA polymerase.

Question 21

Translation:

Answer 21

(making of a protein)
occurs in the cytosol and requires:
ribosomal RNA

Question 22

Osmosis is a type of

Answer 22

passive transport

moves water, not solute

Question 23

The net movement of a substance from high concentration to low is called ______.

Answer 23

Diffusion

Question 24

______ move most easily across the phospholipid bilayer.

Answer 24

Small and nonpolar solutes

Question 25

active transport

Answer 25

uses cellular energy

Question 26

Transport (shuttle) vesicles are produced within a cell by ______.

Answer 26

rough ER

Question 27

The structure of the ______ has been compared to a “warehouse” center where arriving molecules are modified, packaged, and then shipped out.

Answer 27

Golgi apparatus

Question 28

Old or worn out organelles in a cell are removed by an organelle called the

Answer 28

Lysosome

Question 29

Microvilli function to ______.

Answer 29

increase surface Area

Question 30

Transcription is the formation of Blank______.

Answer 30

RNA

Question 31

The process by which a DNA gene is copied into RNA is called ______.

Answer 31

Transcription

Question 32

The organelle in which transcription takes place is the

Answer 32

Nucleus

Question 33

The process that occurs on ribosomes by which a mRNA transcript is read and a new protein produced is called

Answer 33

Translation