Chapter 12 - Nervous Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
The functional unit of the nervous system is a
A
Neuron
2
Q
The Nervous system that focus on the brain and spinal cord
A
Central Nervous System
3
Q
The nervous system that focus on nerves , ganglia, and some sensory structures
A
Peripheral nervous system
4
Q
Movements that you can control , voluntary or outside
A
Somatic nervous system
5
Q
uncontrolled responses , involuntary or inside
A
Autonomic nervous system
6
Q
fight/fright/flight
A
symphathetic
7
Q
rest, relax, recover, and reproduce
A
Parasympathetic
8
Q
The division that regulates digestion
A
Enteric
9
Q
Contains the nucleus and many other organelles
A
Cell body
10
Q
Receives the information or inputs generally from other neurons
A
Dendrites
11
Q
carries signals to target cells , sometimes over great distances
A
axon or nerve fiber
12
Q
where action potentials starts on the cell
A
Hillock or initial segment
13
Q
the axon sometimes divide into ____
A
Axon collaterals
14
Q
connects to target cells through synapses
A
Axon terminals
15
Q
also called the synaptic bouton , is part of the synapse
A
Synaptic knob
16
Q
Axons that extend for long distances are insulated by specialized cells called
A
Glial cells
17
Q
Glial cells produce fats and lipoproteins called
A
Myelin
18
Q
Carry information INTO the CNS
A
Afferent (Sensory) Neurons
19
Q
Carry information OUT or from the CNS
A
Efferent ( Motor) Neurons
20
Q
There are more ____ than afferent or efferent
A
Interneurons
21
Q
carry sensory information that stimulates responses generated by efferents
A
Afferents
22
Q
Are the neurons inside the CNS that carries signals to one neuron to another neuron
A
Interneurons
23
Q
internal organs , sense taste ,pain
A
Interoceptors
24
Q
skin, sense touch, temp, pressure, sight, smell, hearing
A
Exterceptors
25
muscles , tendons, ligaments, sense, position, and movement of muscles and joints
Proprioceptors
26
has their cell body in the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord
Sensory neurons
27
has their cell body in the spinal cord and the axon goes from the spinal cord to the NMJ
Somatic motor neurons
28
A group of neurons (Cell bodies) outside of the brain or spinal cord in PNS
Ganglion
29
The ANS axon going from the ganglion to the organ or gland it innervates is known as the
postganglionic fiber
30
Collection of cell bodies in the CNS
Nucleus
31
Bundle of axons
Tract
32
Connection between R& L sides
Commissure
33
Collection of cell bodies in the PNS
Ganglion
34
Bundle of axons in the PNS
Nerve
35
Neurons are named based on how many ____ they have extending from the soma
Processes
36
_____ and ____ are usually much larger than bipolar and anaxonic neurons
Unipolar and Multipolar
37
An Axonal transport thats from the soma to terminal
Anterograde
38
An axonal transport thats from the terminal to soma
Retrograde
39
Kinesin is what axonal transport ?
Anterograde
40
dynein is what axonal transport ?
Retrograde
41
____ largely carried out in the cell soma
Protein synthesis
42
"walk" down microtubules that run the length of axons like railroad tracks carrying materials
Molecular motors
43
Can be either fast or slow
Axonal transport
44
forms the blood-brain barrier
astrocyte
45
the graded potential that occurs on the post synaptic neuron can be either ___ or __
EPSP
46
Excitatory post synaptic potential. Depolarizing, help lead to action potential
EPSP
47
inhibitory post synaptic potential. Hyper polarizing, prevent action potential
IPSP
48
repeated post synaptic potentials coming from one receptor that add up.
temporal summation
49
post synaptic potentials coming from multiple receptors that add up.
spatial summation
50
When there are few connections that means that there are
few graded potentials. These graded potentials won’t be able to summate and cause an action
potential.
facilitation.
51
small peptides or amino acids or compounds formed from amino acids
neurotransmitters
52
made from an acetyl group and choline; it is different chemically from other
neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
53
examples include nitric oxide and carbon monoxide (a gas that can kill in
general circulation but appears to be a neurotransmitter in certain parts of brain)
Small gas molecules
54
Amino acid derivatives:
Catecholamines and Monoamines
55
(a sub-group of amino acid derivatives) include dopamine,
| norepinephrine and epinephrine (also a hormone)
Catecholamines
56
are another sub-group of amino acid derivatives. Histamine and serotonin
are monoamines
Monoamines
57
examples include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamine
Amino Acids:
58
examples include a group of compounds called endogenous opiates. Some of the
endogenous opiates are beta-endorphin and enkephalins.
Peptides
59
Most common neuromodulator in CNS
associated with sleep, anxiety, hunger, mood
LSD acts as antagonist
Serotonin:
|
60
Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord
| Strychnine acts as antagonist
Glycine:
61
Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain
| Valium acts as agonist
GABA:
62
Most common excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS
| MSG acts as agonist
Glutamate:
63
Binds to either a nicotinic receptor (ligand gated ion channel) or muscarinic
receptor (G-protein coupled)
Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that degraded it in synapse
Usually found at neuromuscular junction and in ANS
Acetylcholine
64
Binds to either alpha adrenergic receptor or beta adrenergic receptor
alpha receptor usually causes smooth muscle contraction (constriction of
tubes/vessels)
beta receptor usually causes smooth muscle relaxation (dilation of
tubes/vessels)
Norepinephrine
65
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is enzyme that degrades it
Found in ANS
Epinephrine uses same receptors
Norepinephrine:
66
– bind and activate neurotransmitter receptors
Agonists
67
bind and block neurotransmitter receptors
Antagonists
68
prevent normal reuptake of a neurotransmitter back into its presynaptic
knob, a normal mechanism to stop signaling at a synapse. Reuptake inhibitors cause
more neurotransmitter to be active and binding its receptors for a longer time once released.
This “strengthens” some synapses by increasing the size of the post-synaptic potentials.
Reuptake inhibitors
69
prevent normal enzyme breakdown of a neurotransmitter within the
synaptic cleft. This also means that neurotransmitter is binding to receptors for a longer
period of time. This also “strengthens” some synapses by increasing the size of the postsynaptic
potential.
Enzyme inhibitors
70
when one neuron sends signals to many different places.
Divergence
71
when lots of signals from different neurons are sent to one neuron
Convergence
72
memory you have from seconds to hours. It deals with small changes in synaptic
strength.
Working memory –
73
memory you have for weeks to lifetime. Long term potentiation is a mechanism for
long term memory. Through repeated use, the density of receptors is increased on the post synaptic
density, so memories are recalled easier.
Long term memory
74
glial cell in the CNS that forms the blood brain barrier and helps shuttle nutrients from blood
to neuron; “cares” for needs of neuron in other ways too "blood barrier"
Astrocytes
75
glial cell in the PNS that helps provide nutrients and important chemicals and signals to
neurons; similar to astrocytes.
Satellite cells –
76
– glial cell in the CNS that insulates the axon with a myelin sheath. One
oligodendrocyte wraps around one myelinated segment of several different axons
Oligodendrocytes
77
glial cell in PNS that insulates axon with myelin sheath. Schwann cells wrap around one
segment of one axon.
Schwann cells –
78
glial cells in the CNS that act as macrophages.
Microglia
79
line ventricles in the brain and spinal cord. They produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Ependymal cells
80
The diseases that result in loss of myelin
multiple scelerosis and guillian-barre syndrome
81
the portion of the axon still attached to the soma is called
the proximal end
82
the portion of the axon that contained the nerve terminals is called
the distal end
83
action potential moving down myelinated axon
saltatory onduction
84
fat, myelinated axons , fatestest
Type A
85
skinny, myelinated axons, slower than A
Type B
86
Skinny, unmyelinated axons, slowest
Type C
87
they alter response to a neurotransmitter , associated with long term events like learning and etc.
Neuromodulators
88
axo-axonic synapses can lead to DECREASE release of neurotransmitters called
pre synaptic inhibition
89
axo-axonic synapses can lad to INCREASE release of neurotransmitters called
pre- synaptic facilitation
90
ability to modify synaptic strength or to make and maintain new synapses
Synaptic plasticity
