Chapter 2- Chemistry of Life Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Anything that occupies space and has mass
A
Matter
2
Q
The amount of matter in an object
A
Mass
3
Q
The gravitational force of acting on an object of a given mass
A
Weight
4
Q
The simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties
A
Elements
5
Q
Smallest part of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element
A
Atom
6
Q
When 2 or more atoms are joined together by a chemical bond (May be composed of atoms of only one element or may be a compound
A
Molecule
7
Q
A molecule containing 2 or more elements in combination
A
Compound
8
Q
Atoms are composed of the following subatomic particles
A
- Neutrons
- Protons
- Electrons
9
Q
No electrical charge
A
Neutrons
10
Q
Positive charge
A
Protons
11
Q
Negative charge
A
Electrons
12
Q
- Mass containing part of an atom in its core
- Formed by protons and neutrons
- Most of volume of atom occupied by electrons
A
Nucleus
13
Q
Equal to number of protons in each atom which equals the number of electrons (identifies an individual element)
A
Atomic number
14
Q
Number of protons plus number of neutrons
A
Mass number
15
Q
Two of more forms of the same elements with the same number of protons and electrons but different neutron number
A
Isotopes
16
Q
Average mass of occurring isotopes
A
Atomic Mass
17
Q
The actual mass of an atom; measured in daltons or atomic mass units
A
Atomic weight
18
Q
Measure of the number of atoms you have, its used to get the right ratio of atoms when you measure out chemicals or makeup solutions for chemical reactions
A
Mole
19
Q
Mole
A
6.023 X 10^23
20
Q
When an atom loses or gains electrons and become charged
A
Ion
21
Q
Positively charged ion
A
Cation
22
Q
Negatively charged ion
A
Anion
23
Q
One atom takes an electron and another atom gives u an electron forming a cation and an anion, the cation and anion are attracted to each other.
A
Ionic bonding
24
Q
Atoms share electrons as they attempt to fill their electron shells
A
Covalent bonding
25
Atoms share electron equally , Example O2, Fear water
Non-polar compounds
26
Atoms share electrons unequally, the electrons spend more time with one of the atoms than they do with the other atom
Polar compounds
27
contains carbon atom with the structure
Organic compounds
28
do not contain carbon
Inorganic compounds
29
CaCl2
Calcium chloride
30
Na2HPO4
Disodium phosphate
31
MgCl2
Magnesium chloride
32
KCl
Potassium chloride
33
NaHCO3
Sodium bicarbonate
34
NaCl
Sodium chloride
35
The capacity to do work
Energy
36
Moves matter
Work
37
A measure of molecular motion , more motion=more heat, less motion = less heat, measured by temperature
Heat energy
38
energy stored in chemical bonds that can be released when bonds are broken
Chemical bond
39
energy generated by movement of charged particles due to attraction between opposite charges , a kinetic energy
Electrical energy
40
Doesn't separate
Solution
41
More; can be liquid or gas
Solvent
42
Less; particles; like salt in saline
Solute
43
Colloid
Can change from liquid to gel; usually large proteins; cloudy
44
Suspension
Large particles that separate
45
H+
Acid
46
OH-
Base
47
The process of forming and breaking chemical bonds
Chemical reactions
48
Occur when atoms come together to form a molecule or simpler molecules from larger ones
Synthesis
49
Occur when molecules are broken up into smaller molecules or atoms
Decomposition
50
Occur when molecules trade atoms of functional groups of atoms with each other resulting in new different molecules
Exchange
51
A reaction that can go both forward and backward indicated with a 2 headed arrow.
Reversible
52
More = faster
Concentration
53
Hotter = faster
Temperature
54
Make reaction go faster by helping bring reactants together
Catalysts
55
Proteins in body that catalyze , not part of reaction, but make it go much faster
Enzymes
56
A chemical reaction stores energy in chemical bonds
Endergonic reaction
57
Chemical reaction releases energy from chemical bond
Exergonic reaction
58
The energy need to start a reaction
Activation energy
59
Anabolism + catabolism
Metabolism
60
Synthesis/endergonic
Anabolism
61
Decomposition/exergonic
Catabolism
62
Gives up electrons and releases energy
Oxidation
63
Gains electrons and energy
Reduction
64
Common in body
Oxidation- reduction (redox) reactions
65
No carbon
| - electrolytes (salts)
Inorganic
66
Carbon (4 electrons/bonds)
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleus acids
Organic
67
AB > A + B
Decomposition
68
A + B > AB
Synthesis
69
AB + CD > AC + BD
Exchange
70
The atoms/molecules on the left side of the reaction arrow
Reactants
71
The atoms/molecules on the right side of the reaction arrow
Products
72
Charged areas of the molecule that can be attracted to each other
Dipole moments
73
Attraction of water molecules for each other creates a network of hydrogen bonds; things must break the surface to enter water
Surface tension
74
Charged particles such as ions and other molecules with some charged areas can easily get between water molecules due to attraction if charged particles ; these molecular interactions will keep the charged particles suspended in the water molecules as an aqueous solution
Solutions
75
The thing that is dissolved , you have less of it
Solute
76
The thing that a substance is dissolved in , you have more of it. Usually water
Solvent
77
Calculated as a % of weight in grams in a 100 mL of water or as a number of miles per liter of water
Concentrations
78
Soluble inorganic molecules that ionize when dissolve in water and thus can carry an electrical current
Electrolytes
79
Molecules that dissolve easily in water , these will generally be polar compounds , e.g. Sugar
Hydrophilic
80
Molecules that do not dissolve in water to any great extent , these will generally be non polar compounds , e.g. Oil
Hydrophobic
81
Starches and sugars
Carbohydrates
82
Simple sugars
Monosaccharides
83
2 simple sugars bonded together
Disaccharides
84
Many simple sugars bonded together to form a large complex molecule
Polysaccharides
85
Monosaccharides examples
Glucose , fructose , galactose
86
Disaccharides examples
Sucrose , lactose , maltose
87
Polysaccharides examples
Glycogen, starch, cellulose
88
-Major polysaccharide formed in your body , liver and skeletal
-muscle have enzymes needed to make lots of it.
- is the main form of readily accessible energy in the body.
Main stores form of carbohydrate in animals
Glycogen
89
Blood sugar - energy source for most cells
Glucose
90
Converted to glucose and metabolized
Galactose
91
Fruit sugar - converted to glucose and metabolized
Fructose
92
Cane sugar - digested to glucose and fructose
Sucrose
93
Milk sugar - digested to glucose and fructose
Lactose
94
Malt sugar - product if starch digestion, further digested to glucose
Maltose
95
Structural polysaccharide of plants, dietary fiber
Cellulose
96
Energy storage in plants
Starch
97
Energy storage in animal cells ( liver , muscle, brain, uterus, vagina)
Glycogen
98
Component of the cell surface coat and mucus, among other roles
Glycoprotein
99
Component of the cell surface coat
Glycolipid
100
Cell adhesion; lubrication, supportive filler of some tissues and organs
Proteoglycan
101
Part of many larger molecules such as triglycerides and phospholipids
Fatty acids
102
A type of hormone derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid which is found in cell membranes , prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
Eicosanoids
103
Stored fat in animals that is found in adipose tissue
Triglycerides
104
Cell membranes
Phospholipids and glycolipids
105
Cell membrane; hormones like estrogen and testosterone , bile salts , used to make precursors for vitamin D
Cholesterol
106
Aid in digestion
Bile acids
107
Used to prevent formation of prostaglandins
Aspirin and ibuprofen
108
Many different types, muscle, bone, tendons, ligaments, blood, membranes , and a lot of extracellular matrix
Protein
109
Found in high levels inside cells , enzymes and receptors are made from it
Protein
110
Made from amino acids hooked together through a covalent bond called peptide bond , formed through removal of Walter molecule (dehydration)
Protein
111
Amino acid sequence forming a peptide chanson or polypeptide
Primary 1 (structure of proteins)
112
Regular repeating pattern of hydrogen bonds between amino acids in the gain that give particular shapes to part of a protein
Secondary 2 (structure of proteins)
113
Folding of the chain which is stabilized by covalent disulfide bonds between cysteine within the chain
Tertiary 3 (structure of proteins)
114
Bonding together of multiple chains to form a larger protein
Quaternary 4 (structure of protein)
115
Shape of it is critical for its function
Protein
116
pH and the presence/absence of particular ions are critical for it to maintain its shape
Protein
117
A change that can affect protein shape and integrity
Temperature
118
Very important type of protein, speeds up chemical reactions within the body
Enzyme
119
Enzymes will typically bond only one particular molecule with a particular shape
Specificity
120
When all the enzymes are bound , the reaction will be going as fast as it can adding more substrate won't make it go any faster at that point
Saturation
121
Enzymes can be turned on (activated) and off
Regulation
122
Can be critical for enzyme functions by binding to the enzyme and altering its shape
Enzyme cofactors
123
Important for shuttling electrons from one enzymatic pathway to another
Coenzymes
124
Nucleotides , RNA , DNA, phosphorylated nucleotides
Nuclei Acids
125
Nitrogenous base bound to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and a phosphate group (PO4)
Nucleotides
126
2 rings
Purines
127
Adenine A - hydrogen bonds with T or U
Purines
128
DNA and RNA
Purines
129
Guanine (G) hydrogen bonds with C
Purines
130
One ring
Pyrimidines
131
Cytosine (C) hydrogen bonds with G
Pyrimidines
132
Thymine (T) (DNA only ) hydrogen bonds with A
Pyrimidines
133
Uracil (U) (RNA only) hydrogen bonds with A
Pyrimidines
134
Ribose nucleus acid
RNA
135
A long string of nucleotides ,
- all ribose , made by joining the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar of the next nucleotide
- single stranded
RNA
136
Deoxyribose nucleus acid
DNA
137
Two long coiled strings of nucleotides , all with deoxyribose, made by joining the phosphate group one nucleotide to the sugar of the next nucleotide to form each string
DNA
138
Two string match up to pair A to T or G to C with hydrogen bonding
DNA
139
Double stranded , called complementary
DNA
140
High energy compounds formed by adding additional phosphate groups to nucleotides ; the bond of each phosphate group has higher energy
Phosphorylated nucleotides
141
Adenosine triphosphate , most common form of stored energy. Broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate
ATP
142
The second most common "second messenger" molecule
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
143
An enzyme that attaches a phosphate group to a molecule
Kinase
144
Removes phosphate groups from molecules
Phosphatases
145
A long chan of enzymatic reactions that break down glucose releasing energy, some of which is captured and stored by the formation of ATP
Cell respiration
146
3 parts of cell respiration
Glycolysis, the Krebs or TCA cycle , and the electron transport chain
147
During glycolysis , glucose is broken down to _____
Pyruvate acid
148
Evens occurring in the mitochondria are often referred to as _____
Aerobic
149
If oxygen isn't available , the pyruvic acid must be converted to lactic acid this is known as ____
Anaerobic
150
The molecules carrying electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain are
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotude (NAD) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)
151
Type of reaction that breaks down polymers and the water molecule is added back
Hydrolysis reaction
152
The checking account of energy storage for the human body
Glycogen
153
Removing water as 2 monomers are bonded
Dehydration reaction
