Chapter 5 - Histology Flashcards
1
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the study of tissues
A
Histology
2
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Composed of cells,fluids, & extracellular matrix.
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Tissues
3
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Composed of fibers (proteins) and other solid materials between the cell
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Extracellular matrix
4
Q
Covers surfaces,lines tubes, or cavities or forms glands. (outside)
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Epithelial Tissue
5
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Fills space, connects tissue. (Solidly like membranes of adipose tissue or via transport like blood. Supports bone, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons
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Connective Tissue
6
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Contracts and moves; either causes you to move like skeletal muscle or moves stuff like the heart or like smooth muscle in the intestines
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Muscle tissue
7
Q
Neuron and nerves and cells that support, carries information as electrical signals
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Neural Tissue
8
Q
Water-tight barriers between cells, found in epithelial layers and important in forming the blood-brain and blood-testis barriers
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Tight Junctions
9
Q
Specialized for maintaining cell-cell. found between heart cells and skin cells; aids anchoring cells to basement membrane or basil lamina
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Demosomes
10
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Specialized for electrical connection between cells, seen between some neurons, heart cells, and some smooth muscle cells
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Gap Junctions
11
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Skin, lining of stomach, intestines, trachea, lungs, and glands
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Examples of epithelial tissue
12
Q
The side of the basement membrane
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Basil or basolateral surface
13
Q
side facing a lumen of a tube or cavity or facing the outside of the body
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Apical surface
14
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layer that divides a lot to constantly renew this layer of cells
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Germinal or stem cells
15
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one layer
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simple
16
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more than one layer
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stratified
17
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looks like more than one layer but its not
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Pseudo-stratified
18
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cube-shaped cells
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Cuboidal
19
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cells shaped like columns/Rectangles
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Columnar
20
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Flattened cells
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Squamous
21
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- Protect (cover and line)
- Control permeability
- Sensation
- secretion
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Functions of epithelial
22
Q
Releases substance (Hormone) directly INTO the blood or interstitial fluid.
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Endocrine
23
Q
Secrete substance through ducts onto skin or into the lumen of some passageway within the body
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Exocrine
24
Q
Saliva, digestive acids, and enzymes, and ilk from mammary glands
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Examples of exocrine
25
exocytosis of a secretory vesicle filled with secretion, most hormones, also mucin that combines with water to make mucus
Merocrine
26
The apical side of the cell becomes filled with secretion and then breaks off and releases secretion; milk in mammary glands is an example
Apocrine
27
Cells accumulate secretions and then burst; usually stratified; top layer of cells is shed, and lower layers pushed up as they mature; example -sebaceous glands (Stratified squamous)
Holocrine
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classified by how many ducts the glands has
Exocrine glands
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One main duct
Simple
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There are multiple areas of glandular cells secreting into one main ducts
Branched
31
classified by the shape of the gland in cross section
Exocrine glands
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Multiple ducts branching off the main ducts
Compound
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shaped like a tube, the glands may also be coiled
Tubular
34
shaped like a teardrop or pear; these are also known as acinar
Alveolar
35
thin, watery glands
Serous glands
36
think, viscous glands
mucous glands
37
Connects other types of tissues in the body , includes the reticular layer underneath all epithelial tissue as well as bone, fat, ligaments, tendons and blood
Connective tissue
38
Adipose and reticular tissues
Loose connective tissue proper
39
Ligaments and tendons
Dense connective tissue proper
40
Blood
Fluid
41
Bone and cartilage
Supporting connective tissue proper
42
Looser networks of fiber with more ground substance and some cells
Loose connective tissue
43
Dense networks of fiber with little ground substance and varying numbers of cells
Dense connective tissue
44
Always found in connective tissue proper, secretes proteins to form fiber sand make ground substance viscous through secretion of hyaluronan and proteins
Fibroblast
45
Large immune system cells that can move like an amoeba and eat pathogens or dead cells through phagocytosis, have critical role in triggering immune system response
Macrophages
46
Fat cells ; they make triglycerides and store them in a huge lipid Droplet that often fills most of the cell
Adipocytes
47
Stem cells that divide to produce the other cell types
Mesenchymal cells
48
Circulate in the blood part of the immune system
Monocytes
49
Cells that make the brown-black pigment melanin ; while more abundant in skin , they are also present in some connective tissues
Melanocytes
50
Immune system cells full of histamine and heparin; these cells release it during inflammation
Mast cells
51
Immune system cells that stimulate production of or actually produce antibodies ; some lymphocytes also can serve to trigger fealty or destruction of infected cells
Lymphocytes
52
Immune system cell, can phagocytose but smaller than macrophages
Microphages
53
Fibrous protein; very abundant; very strong
Collagen fibers
54
Thinner than Collagen fibers ; form networks ; tough but flexible
Reticular fibers
55
Made from elastin; stretchy and return to original shape
Elastic fibers
56
Found in skin, lungs, blood vessels , the heart wall
Elastic fibers
57
Fluid with proteoglycans and glycoproteins ( combo of sugar and protein) very thick
Ground substance
58
The loose connective tissue that attaches skin to tissues underneath such as muscle ; lots of ground substance and a loose network of fibers with lots of elastic fibers and some capillaries and all the cell types listed above for connective tissue paper ; also wraps around and cushions most organs
Areolar tissue
59
Important component of cartilage
Chondroitin sulfate
60
Areolar tissue with lots of adipocytes and less matrix. Most of the tissue is white fat and in children and infants the fat pads are brown fat . Ability to generate heat through activity of mitochondrial enzymes and Ana/K atp pump
Adipose tissue
61
Critical for immune system and blood ; found in spleen , liver , lymph nodes, bone marrow ; network of reticular fibers ; often with many cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes
Reticular tissue
62
White fat
Energy storage
63
Brown fat
Heat production
64
Densely packed bundles of parallel collagen fibers ; ligaments , tendons and aponeurosis
Dense regular connective tissue
65
Lots of interwoven fibers that form a strong dense network; these form joint capsules , capsules around organs ; sheaths around bone and cartilage
Dense irregular connective tissue
66
It has lots of elastic fibers and helps stabilize vertebrae of the spinal column , is a connective tissue
Elastic tissue
66
Blood and lymph
Fluid connective tissue
67
Accounts for most of the cells , around half the volume of blood is due to it
Red blood cell or erythrocyte
68
Immune system cells
White blood cells or leukocyte
69
Cell fragments important for clotting
Platelets
70
Interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels in the tissue. It's important for immune system function
Lymph
71
A network of colleges fibers that is mineralized by deposition of calcium salts onto the collagen fibers
Bone
72
Cells trapped in the middle of the bone
Osteocytes
73
The later of membrane and cells that wraps around the outside of the bone tissue
Periosteum
74
Spaces where osteocytes are trapped
Lucunae
75
Small tunnels in the bone matrix
Canaliculi
76
Gel made of chondroitin sulfate as well as fibers form the matrix
Cartilage
77
Cells trapped in the matrix
Chondrocytes
78
Layer of membrane and cells that wraps around the outside of the cartilage
Perichondrium
79
Occurs mostly during growth and development, there is minor appositional growth of cartilage in mature adults, there there is very limited ability to repair damaged cartilage in adults
Growth of cartilage
80
Crystallized calcium phosphate salt that mineralized bone
Hydroxyapatite
81
Growth from the inside ; chondrocytes divide and form new matrix between themselves
Interstitial growth
82
Cells from the perichondrium divide and differentiate to form new chondrocytes which add matrix at the outer surface of the cartilage
Appositional growth
83
Collagen fibers and chondroitin sulfate ; fibers not really visible in light microscope ; found at synovial joints , nose and articulate surfaces of bones
Hyaline cartilage
84
Elastic fibers on matrix ; flexible ; found in ear and in a few parts of larynx
Elastic cartilage
85
Densely interwoven collagen fibers and little ground substance ; very tough , found in places that get a lot of compression. Spinal vertebrae , between pubic bones , knee
Fibrocartilage
86
Like passageways and chambers that communicate with the exterior ; must stay moist and help protect from infection ; secretes mucus
Mucous membranes
87
Digestive , respiratory reproductive and urinary
Examples of mucous membranes
88
Membrane that lines the cavity and the organs in the cavities
Serous membrane
89
Pleura
Lungs
90
Peritoneum
Abdominopelvic cavity
91
Pericardium
Heart
92
Lines the organ
Visceral
93
Lines the cavity
Parietal
94
Skin
Cutaneous membrane
95
Membranes that line the joint cavity zig a synovial joint ; this membrane forms synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
96
Connective tissue that holds different body parts together
Fascia
97
Also known as the hypodermics ; holds skin and underlying organs together , areolar and adipose tissue
Superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer
98
Tough covering around organs , cartilage and body , forms organ capsules , perichondrium and periosteum. Dense irregular connective tissue
Deep fascia
100
Lies between deep fascia and serous membrane ; help seperate these two layers
Subserous fascia
100
Attracted to bones and causes voluntary movement of body parts
Skeletal muscle
101
Has organized banding pattern in light microscope slide
Striated
102
The heart; pumps blood around vessels
Cardiac muscle
103
No visible banding pattern; also known as smooth muscle
Unstriated
104
Cells that carry electrical signals
Neurons
105
Cells that support the neurons , there are many types of neurolglial cells
Neuroglia
106
Smaller processes that receive informs from other neurons
Dendrites
107
Cell body of neural tissue
Soma
108
Large process that carries electrical signal in the form of an action potential; signals are carried long distances on axons , also called nerve fibers
Axon
109
Response to injury or damage tissue
Inflammation
110
Due to increase blood flow
Redness and warmth
111
Due to vascular changes that increase formation of interstitial fluid but block removal of that fluid through blood or lymph vessels
Swelling
112
Due to realizes of particular chemical signals from damaged cells and immune system cells in the tissue
Pain
113
Cell division
Hyperplasia
114
Enlargement of cells
Hypertrophy
115
Tumor development
Neoplasia
116
Can divide and differentiate
Stem cell
117
Process of specializing
Differentiation
118
Ability to differentiate
Plasticity
119
Totals plasticity
Totipotent
120
Can become multiple cell types
Multi potent
121
Loss of cell size and number tissue
Atrophy
122
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
123
Tissue death
Necrosis
124
Slow tissue death due to O2 lack
Gangrene
125
Debris from dead cells and damaged tissue
Pus
126
Walled off pocket of pus
Access
127
A type of chemical messenger , key chemicals triggering inflammation
Prostaglandins
128
Formation of new tissue to replace damaged tissue
Regeneration
129
Formed when fibroblasts move into an area of damaged tissue and form a dense network of collagen fibers
Scar tissue
