Electrical Signals

Question 1

• Muscle contraction
• Neuron to muscle communication
• Neuron to neuron communication
• Neuron to endocrine cell communication

Answer 1

Electrical Signals

Question 2

Ohm’s Law mathematically defines the physics of ??

Answer 2

Electricity

Question 3

What is I in the I=V/R ?

Answer 3

Current

Question 4

What is V in the I=V/R ?

Answer 4

Potential

Question 5

What is the R in the I=V/R ?

Answer 5

Resistance

Question 6

Current is generated by moving ?

Answer 6

electrons or ions

Question 7

What is the effect of unequal charges ?

Answer 7

Electrical potential

Question 8

The body itself is ?

Answer 8

Neutral

Question 9

Individual cells have ___ charge because of permeability of the membrane to certain ions and protein/peptides cant cross.

Answer 9

Net negative charge

Question 10

Concetration high outside the cell, low inside the cell

Answer 10

Na+

Question 11

Concentration low outside the cell, high inside the cell

Answer 11

K+

Question 12

The potential electrical energy that pushes ions inside the cell or across the membrane

Answer 12

Membrane Potentials

Question 13

The membrane potential that is at rest when no signals are entering the cell or leaving

Answer 13

Resting membrane potential

Question 14

RMP is ___ because movement of ion outside the cell is balanced by the movement of ions into the cell creating a balance of charges.

Answer 14

Stable

Question 15

RMP is ___ because there are more negatively charged particles inside the cell than outside the cell.

Answer 15

Negative

Question 16

At RMP, __ concentration is high outside the cell in ECF

Answer 16

Na+

Question 17

At RMP, ___ Concentration is high inside the cell

Answer 17

K+

Question 18

Works well with permeability to create currents across the membrane

Answer 18

The difference in Na+ and K= concentrations inside and outside the cell.

Question 19

The membrane potential is more permeable to ___ at rest than ____ creating a positive current out the cell across the membrane that helps create the negative membrane potential

Answer 19

K+, Na+

Question 20

The unequal__ pumping ratio of the Na+/K+ATPase pump that helps maintain RMP

Answer 20

3:2

Question 21

The potential created when new current flows into or out of the cell, small changes

Answer 21

Graded potential (local potential)

Question 22

Graded potentials build up and move down a neuron to a point where it ____

Answer 22

Triggers an action potential

Question 23

Graded potentials are __ compared to action potentials

Answer 23

Small

Question 24

_____ move inside the cell much faster than action potentials since they are actually just current once generated.

Answer 24

Graded potential

Question 25

A big, characteristic change in membrane potential that carries a signal a long distance either down and axon or all over the surface of a muscle cell.

Answer 25

Action potential

Question 26

Area of connection between neuron to neuron, or between neuron to muscle

Answer 26

Synapse

Question 27

Chemicals that move across these synapses. These chemicals are released from nerve terminals, travel across synapse and bind to receptors on the next neuron/muscle.

Answer 27

Neurotransmiter

Question 28

Negative charges line up along the inside of the membrane, and positive charges line up along outside of the membrane

Answer 28

Capacitance or membrane

Question 29

Membrane potential when the movement of that ion in and out of the cell through channels in the membrane is equal.

Answer 29

Equilibrium potential (Nernst potential)

Question 30

Same number of particles of that particular ion are leaving the cell as there are entering the cell creating an equal current from that ion going out to the current from that ion going into the cell

Answer 30

Equilibrium potential

Question 31

The only four ions about equilibrium potential

Answer 31

Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-

Question 32

Have positive equilibrium potentials

Answer 32

Na+ and Ca++

Question 33

have equilibrium potentials less than resting membrane potential of human cells

Answer 33

K+, Cl-

Question 34

Na+ has ___ extracellular Concentration

Answer 34

Higher

Question 35

Na+ has ___ Intracellular concentration

Answer 35

Lower

Question 36

K+ has ___ Extracellular concentration

Answer 36

Lower

Question 37

K+ has ____ Intracellular concentration

Answer 37

Higher

Question 38

Cl- has ____ Extracellular concentration

Answer 38

Higher

Question 39

Cl- has ___ Intracellular concentration

Answer 39

Lower

Question 40

Proteins have ____Extracellular concentration

Answer 40

Lower

Question 41

Proteins have ____ Intracellular concentration

Answer 41

Higher

Question 42

These are channels that are always open and responsible for the permeability of the membrane to certain ions

Answer 42

Leaky channels

Question 43

Has 3 different types. No always opening, but have to be actively opened

Answer 43

Gated channels

Question 44

Ligand binds to receptor either on extracellular domain or intracellular dmain, channel opens or closes, ions flow in or out of cell

Answer 44

Chemically gated

Question 45

Voltage across membrane causes channel to open or close, ions flow in or out of cell

Answer 45

Voltage gated

Question 46

Mechanical force such as stretching or bending causes channel to open or close, ions flow in r out of cell. Hearing, balance, and touch all deal with these types of gated channels.

Answer 46

Mechanically gated

Question 47

Opening or closing of chemically or mechanically gated channels lead to ____

Answer 47

current flowing in or out of the cell, thus creating Graded potential

Question 48

Can be depolarizing, which is making the cell more positive than resting membrane potential or hyper-polarizing. Making the cell more negative than RMP

Answer 48

Graded Potential

Question 49

Doesnt decay, all or none , amplitude remains the same down the axon

Answer 49

Action Potential

Question 50

In action potentials , they are slow to open at initial depolarization, but are fully open when repolarization

Answer 50

K+ channels

Question 51

In action potentials, they become inactivated during re polarization

Answer 51

Na+ channels

Question 52

___ channels are either closed, open, or inactivated

Answer 52

Na+

Question 53

Channels are either open or closed and do not have an inactivation gate

Answer 53

K+

Question 54

when areas of the axon or membrane cant generate action potential, they are called ____

Answer 54

Refactory

Question 55

2 types of refactory

Answer 55

Absolute and Relative

Question 56

None of the channels have completely reset, and no action potential can occur. Seen during depolarization and more of repolarixtion

Answer 56

Absolute

Question 57

Some channels have reset, small action potentials can be generated but the stimulus has to be very strong. Seen near the end of re-polarization

Answer 57

Relative

Question 58

Cell that sends signal

Answer 58

Pre synaptic neuron

Question 59

Cell that receives that signal. Can be neuron or muscle

Answer 59

Post synaptic cell

Question 60

In neuron to muscle process, the neurotransmitter released is ___

Answer 60

Acetylcholine

Question 61

Acetylcholine binds to ___receptor on muscle cell, changing its shape and allowing Na+ to com in, creating a ___

Answer 61

Nicotinic cholinergic, graded potential

Question 62

Changes in membrane potential that are moving closer to zero mv, electrically neutral. Making it more positive than resting potential

Answer 62

Depolarization

Question 63

changes in membrane potential thats moving further from zero mv , Making it more negative than resting potential.

Answer 63

Hyperpolarization

Question 64

Return of membrane potential back to resting potential after a large depolarization like the rising phase of the action potential

Answer 64

Repolarization

Question 65

How fast is action potentials

Answer 65

2-10 msec

Question 66

The cell that is sending the signal

Answer 66

Pre-Synaptic neuron

Question 67

The cell that is receiving the signal

Answer 67

Post synaptic cell

Question 68

Where the neurotransmitter is usually stored

Answer 68

synaptic vesicles

Question 69

chemical synapses releases a chemical known as _____

Answer 69

Neurotransmitter, into a synaptic cleft