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A&P I > Chapter 3/4 - Cells and DNA > Flashcards

Chapter 3/4 - Cells and DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Actin; help form terminal web near inner leaflet of cell membrane

A

Microfilaments

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2
Q

Protein composition varies; strengthen, stabilize and give shape

A

Intermediate filaments

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3
Q

Hollow tubes built from tubuljn , extend outward from centriole. Serve as guide wires for molecular motors transporting. Used to form microvilli , centrioles , and cilia

A

Microtubules

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4
Q

Composed of myosin and only found in muscle cells

A

Thick filaments

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5
Q

Small finger shaped projections, typically found on an epithelial cell. Increases surface area for absorption

A

Microvilli

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6
Q

Important for cell division, formed by 9 microtubules triplets. Helps form spindle apparatus during mitosis

A

Centrioles

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7
Q

Long finger like dyein arms that’s on top the cell surface to move mucus and particles

A

Cilia

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8
Q

Make proteins, part RNA/ part protien. Can be small/large. Can be fixed/free

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

Organelles that break down proteins in a cell. Usually damaged or abnormal proteins ; important in immune system

A

Proteasome

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10
Q

Set of membranous tubes , near nucleus , where things are synthesized, stored, and transported. 2 types rough and smooth

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

Where lipids and carbs are synthesized, also stores Ca within cell

A

Smooth ER

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12
Q

Where proteins and peptides are synthesized, transports vesicles pinch off from RER to go the the golgi

A

Rough ER

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13
Q

Packaging center

1. Modified and packaged proteins for excoytosis or use within cytosol

A

Golgi

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14
Q

Vesicles of enzymes to help break things down within a cell. Important for recycling

A

Lysosomes

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15
Q

Vesicles of enzymes that are smaller than lysosomes and not made by the golgi. Breaks down fatty acids and other organic. Produce hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisome

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16
Q

Makes atp , has inner and outer membranes. Matrix and cristae

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

Vesicles that are packaged for exocytosis

A

Secretory vesicles

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18
Q

Enzyme packed for use w/in cell

A

Lysosomes

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19
Q

Occurs in the cytoplasm

A

Glycolysis

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20
Q

Breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid , requires no oxygen

A

Glycolysis

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21
Q

Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

A

TCA cycle

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22
Q

Can be activated by receptors

A

G protien

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23
Q

DNA that is not supercooled , found in nucleus, can be used for making RNA

A

Chromatin

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24
Q

Supercooled DNA, coiled chromatin

A

Chromosome

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25
One half of a chromosome
Chromatid
26
End of a chromatid/chromatin
Telomere
27
Particular version of a gene
Allele
28
Location along chromosome
Locus
29
The copy of DNA folding sequence from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
mRNA
30
Pieces of RNA that combine with small proteins to for the ribosomes
rRNA
31
Cloverleaf shaped pieces of RNA that can bind amino acids on one end of the molecule
tRNA
32
The process of copying a piece of DNA into a piece of mRNA
Transcription
33
The process of translating the sequence of bases in the strand of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids
Translation
34
Where does transcription take place
Cytoplasm
35
Cells burst, fluid going inside a cell
Hypotonic
36
Cells shrivel , fluid going out of a cell
Hypertonic
37
Fluid doesn't go in or out
Isotonic
38
Combo of proteins and rna
Splicosomes
39
Transcription of Genes regulated by small molecules , mostly proteins
Transcription regulatory factors
40
Dispersal of solute throughout water. Move away from highest concentration to lowest
Diffusion
41
Difference in concentration
Diffusion gradient or concentration gradient
42
The movement of water through a membrane. Water flows to low concentration to high
Osmosis
43
The force generated by difference in somatic concentration that pulls water through a membrane
Osmotic pressure
44
The forces that pushes against a fluid
Hydrostatic pressure
45
Small lipids molecules that slip through phospholipid bilayer that can simply diffuse in and out of cells
Simple diffusion
46
Use of a special binding protein that transports the ion or molecule from one side of the membrane to the other
Carrier-mediated transport
47
Molecule binds protein , dumps out molecule on other side. High concentration to low
Facilitated diffusion
48
Molecule bond protien , moves molecule on the other side. Takes energy from an ATP for pumping. Low concentration to high
Active transport
49
2 molecules move across membrane , no ATP used. One goes against concentration gradient, one goes with it
Secondary active transport
50
Pinching off just a liquid
Pinocytosis
51
Pinching off a solid particle
Phagocytosis
52
Has more negative charges
The inside of the cell
53
Where does electron transport chain take place
Cristae of the mitochondria
54
ATP>ADP
Electron transport chain
55
Changes in the DNA that typically occur during lifetime
Mutations
56
G1, S, G2
Interphase
57
Phases of mitosis
Prophase , metaphase, anaphase, telophase
58
Normal growth and duplication
G1
59
DNA replication
S
60
Protein synthesis in prepare of mitosis
G2
61
Chromatin forms chromosomes and nucleus breaks down
Prophase
62
Chromosome line up
Metaphase
63
Chromatids move towards opposite sides
Anaphase
64
Two new cells are formed
Telophase
65
Cells that constantly divide to give rise to cells that differentiate to become most of your cells
Stem cells
66
Cells that don't divide
Differentiation
67
XY
Men
68
XX
Women
69
Show up if at least one allele codes for that trait
Dominate traits
70
Show up as a phenotype
Recessive traits
71
2 identical allele at a genetic locus
Homozygous
72
2 different alleles at a locus
Heterozygous
73
Describes when a single gene has multiple effects
Pleiotropy
74
Observed trait
Phenotype
75
DNA code
Genotype
76
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
77
Tumors that grow where they are
Benign tumors
78
Tumors that peel cells and lymphatic system
Malignant tumors
79
Lagging strands
Okazaki fragments
80
Formed by carbohydrate portions of molecules that extend beyond the outer edge of the phospholipids and are attached to it.
Glycocalyx
81
Functions of glycocalyx
Lubrication and protection Anchoring and locomotion Binding and recognition

A&P I (16 decks)

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