Chapter 13

Question 1

________ _ ________
The fourth of Erikson’s eight psychosocial crises
Children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either competent or incompetent.

Answer 1

Industry versus inferiority

Question 2

Emotional drives are quiet and unconscious sexual conflicts are submerged.

Sexual energy is channeled into social concerns.

Answer 2

Latency

Question 3

Comparing one’s attributes to those of other people
Helps children value themselves and abandon the imaginary, rosy self-evaluation of preschoolers.
Self-criticism and self-consciousness rise from ages 6 to 11
Materialism increases

Answer 3

Social comparison

Question 4

_______ __________ : the ability to regulate one’s emotions and actions through effort.
reduced with unrealistically high self-esteem

After-school activities can help provide a foundation for friendship and realistic self-esteem

Answer 4

Effortful control:

Question 5

a person may be resilient at some periods but not at others.

Answer 5

Resilience is dynamic -

Question 6

• if rejection by a parent leads a child to establish a closer relationship with another adult, that child is resilient.

Answer 6

Resilience is a positive adaptation to stress

Question 7

Resilient children overcome conditions that overwhelm many of their peers.

Answer 7

Adversity must be significant -

Question 8

Shared and Nonshared Environments….
Genes affect ____ or more of the variance for almost every trait
Environment:

Answer 8

Half

Question 9

Influence of ________environment (e.g., children raised by the same parents in the same home) shrinks with age

Answer 9

shared

Question 10

Effect of _________environment (e.g., friends or schools) increases

Answer 10

nonshared

Question 11

The legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home; includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily, and so on.

Answer 11

Family structure:

Question 12

Children need families to:

1. )
2. )
3. )
4. )
5. )

Answer 12

1. )provide basic material necessities
2. )encourage learning
3. )help them develop self-respect
4. )nurture friendships
5. )foster harmony and stability

Question 13

The way a family works to meet the needs of its members.

Answer 13

Family function:

Question 14

__________ ____________: A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children under age 18.

• Tend to be wealthier, better educated, healthier, more flexible, and less hostile
• Biological parents tend to be very dedicated to their offspring
• Similar advantages occur for children who are adopted

Answer 14

Nuclear family

Question 15

______-____ __________: A family that consists of only one parent and his or her children under age 18.

Children in single-mother families fare worse in school and in adult life than most other children.
Single-mother households are often low-income and unstable, move more often and add new adults more often.

Answer 15

Single Parent Family

Question 16

A family of three or more generations living in one household.

Answer 16

Extended family:

Question 17

A family consisting of one man, several wives, and the biological children of the man and his wives.

Answer 17

Polygamous family:

Question 18

Two _____-______ Parents:
Make up less than 1% of two-parent households
Children are from previous marriage, assisted reproduction or adoption

Answer 18

Same-sex

Question 19

Family has a financial advantage but has a disadvantage of instability

Answer 19

Stepparent Family:

Question 20

A stepparent family that includes children born to several families, such as the biological children from the spouses’ previous marriages and the biological children of the new couple.

Answer 20

Blended family:

Question 21

______-______ _______ :the crucial question to ask about any risk factor (e.g. poverty, divorce, job loss, eviction) is whether or not it increases the stress on a family

• contends that the adults’ stressful reaction to poverty is crucial in determining the effect on the children.

Answer 21

Family-stress model:

Question 22

________ of children: The particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society.

Fashion
Language
Peer culture

Answer 22

Culture

Question 23

Children who are disliked by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior

Answer 23

Aggressive-rejected:

Question 24

Children who are disliked by peers because of their timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior

Answer 24

Withdrawn-rejected:

Question 25

the ability to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behavior. - May be crucial for peer acceptance. - Well-liked children tend to like themselves and usually assume that social slights are accidental.

Answer 25

Social Cognition:

Question 26

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person.

Answer 26

Bullying:

Question 27

Someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well | Also called a provocative victim because he or she does things that elicit bullying, such as stealing a bully’s pencil

Answer 27

Bully-victim:

Question 28

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Thought 1.)___________: Emphasizes rewards and punishments

Answer 28

Preconventional moral reasoning:

Question 29

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Thought 2.) _________: Emphasizes social rules

Answer 29

Conventional moral reasoning:

Question 30

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Thought 3.) ___________: Emphasizes moral principles

Answer 30

Postconventional moral reasoning: