Chapter 18

Question 1

Postformal thought extends adolescent thinking by being more practical, flexible, and ________.

Answer 1

dialectical

Question 2

Characterized by A proposed stage of cognitive development, after Piaget’s 4 stages
where a person is more open with ideas and less concerned with absolute right and wrong… also know as “problem finding”

Answer 2

Postformal Thought

Question 3

A skill that emerging adults struggle with but usually mastered as cognition matures

Answer 3

Time Management skills

Question 4

• Tendency to undervalue, or ignore, future consequences and rewards in favor of immediate gratification
• • example… going to the beach instead of studying for a final

Answer 4

Delay discounting

Question 5

The Prefrontal Cortex does not mature till age ____.

Answer 5

20

Question 6

who investigated age differences in self-descriptions?

Answer 6

Labouvie-Vief

Question 7

Labouvie-Vief categorized self-discriptions in 4 groups. What are they?

1. ) protective (high in self-involvement, low in self-doubt)
2. )_______(fragmented, overwhelmed by emotions or problems)
3. ) _________(valuing openness and independence above all)
4. )_________(able to regulate emotions and logic)

Answer 7

protective
dysregulated
complex
integrated

Question 8

Thinking that is based on personal qualities of the individual thinker (i.e. experiences, culture, goals)

Answer 8

Subjective thought

Question 9

Thinking that is not based on thinker’s personal qualities but instead based valid facts and numbers

Answer 9

Objective thought

Question 10

What is the following:

• Helps people deal with unforeseen events
• Helps avoid retreating into emotions or intellect
• A hallmark of postformal cognition
• A characteristic more common in emerging adults than younger people
• Listening to others and considering diverse opinions

Answer 10

Cognitive Flexibility

Question 11

What is the following:

• The possibility that one’s appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another’s oversimplified, prejudiced attitudes.
• The mere possibility of being negatively stereotyped arouses anxiety that can disrupt cognition and distort emotional regulation.
• Makes people of all ages doubt their ability, which reduces learning if their anxiety interferes with cognition.

Answer 11

Stereotype Threat

Question 12

• The most advanced cognitive process
• Ability to consider a thesis and its antithesis and arrive at a synthesis
• Being able to see the pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, possibilities and limitations

Answer 12

Dialectical Thought

Question 13

_____________ ________ is rare in adolescents, more often found in middle-aged people

Answer 13

Dialectical thinking

Question 14

What 3 statements are in Dialectical Thought?

Answer 14

Thesis
Antithesis
Synthesis

Question 15

A statement of belief

Answer 15

Thesis

Question 16

A statement of belief that opposes the thesis

Answer 16

Antithesis

Question 17

A new idea that integrates the thesis and its antithesis, thus representing a new and more comprehensive level of truth

Answer 17

Synthesis

Question 18

• Adult responsibilities, experiences, and education affect _____ reasoning and religious beliefs.
• Maturation of values appears first in emerging adulthood
• _____ decisions are least likely in early adolescence

Answer 18

Moral

Question 19

The tendency of females to be reluctant to judge right and wrong in absolute terms due to socialization

Answer 19

Morality of care

Question 20

The tendency of males to emphasize justice over compassion and judging right and wrong in absolute terms

Answer 20

Morality of justice

Question 21

A way to measure moral thinking by having the test takers rank possible solutions to moral dilemmas
**Developed by James Rest

Answer 21

Defining Issues Test (DIT)

Question 22

Facts:
Stages Of Faith

1: Intuitive-projective, ages 3-7
2: Mythic-literal, ages 7-11, some adults
3: Synthetic-conventional, conformist
4: Individual-reflective, active commitment
5: Conjunctive: postformal way of thinking, rarely achieved before middle-age
6: Universalizing: transforming experience may cause this, rarely achieved

Answer 22

.

Question 23

• Most contemporary students attend college primarily to secure their vocational and financial future.
• College also correlates with better health - graduates everywhere smoke less, eat better, exercise more, and live longer.
• There is no doubt that tertiary education improves verbal and quantitative abilities, knowledge of specific subject areas, skills in various professions, reasoning, and reflection.

Answer 23

Positive results of college