Chapter 5

Question 1

Describe how the following are determined..
Average weight-
Average height-

Answer 1

Average weight- double birth w. by 4m.

Average height- grow 14 inches from birth to age 2

Question 2

biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth

Answer 2

Head-sparing

Question 3

The ______ is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition

Answer 3

Brain

Question 4

point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100.

50th percentile is the midpoint with ½ the sample being higher and ½ lower

Answer 4

Percentile

Question 5

Average newborn sleeps __ hours per day

Answer 5

16

Question 6

Specifics of sleep vary due to __, _______ and _____.

Answer 6

age, characteristics, and social environment

Question 7

This type of sleep correlates with normal brain maturation, learning, emotional regulation, academic success and psychological adjustment

Answer 7

Ample sleep

Question 8

this type of sleep involves dreaming, rapid brain waves

Answer 8

REM sleep

Question 9

is quiet sleep, increases at 3-4 months

Answer 9

Slow-wave sleep

Question 10

custom of parents and children sleeping in same room, more common in Asia, Africa and Latin America than in Western cultures

Answer 10

Co-sleeping

Question 11

the outer layers of the brain.

Answer 11

Cortex

Question 12

the billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system

Answer 12

Neuron

Question 13

a fiber that extends from a neuron and “transmits” electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons

Answer 13

Axon

Question 14

a fiber that extends from a neuron and “receives” electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons.

Answer 14

Dendrite

Question 15

the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.

Answer 15

Synapse

Question 16

a brain “chemical” that “carries information” from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron.

Answer 16

Neurotransmitter

Question 17

• The great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites in an infant’s brain from birth to age 2

Answer 17

Transient Exuberance

Question 18

is followed by pruning where unused neurons and misconnected dendrites die

Answer 18

Transient Exuberance

Question 19

______ on the brain ccurs in infants who are terrified and experience other forms of stress and can continue to adulthood

Answer 19

Stress

Question 20

If brain produces too many stress hormones in infants, the brain will not be able to have normal ______ _____.

Answer 20

Stress responses.

Question 21

What are the two “Experience-related aspects” of brain function:

Answer 21

1. ) Experience-expectant

2. ) Experience-dependent

Question 22

requires basic common experiences to “develop” normally (i.e. people who love them)

Answer 22

Experience-expectant

Question 23

these happen to some infants but not all, not necessary for brain function (ex. language baby hears, swim lessons)

Answer 23

Experience-dependent

Question 24

the area for anticipation, planning, and impulse control

Answer 24

prefrontal cortex

Question 25

a life-threatening injury occurring when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, rupturing blood vessels and breaking neural connections .

Answer 25

Shaken baby syndrome

Question 26

inborn drive to fix a developmental deficit

Answer 26

Self-righting

Question 27

All people have __________ for physical and emotional imbalances

Answer 27

self-righting impulses

Question 28

The response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it "detects" a stimulus.

Answer 28

Sensation | Hint* Sensation detects

Question 29

The mental processing of sensory information when the brain "interprets" a sensation

Answer 29

Perception | Hint* Perception is trying to understand the sensation

Question 30

What development is involves intellectual and motor development?

Answer 30

Sensory development

Question 31

What sense develops during the last trimester of pregnancy and is already quite acute at birth; the most advanced of the newborn’s senses?

Answer 31

Hearing

Question 32

______ is the least mature sense at birth.

Answer 32

Vision / Sight

Question 33

Newborns focus only on objects between __ and ___ inches away

Answer 33

4 and 30 inches away

Question 34

the ability to coordinate the two eyes to see one image, appears at 3 months

Answer 34

Binocular vision

Question 35

Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping.

Answer 35

Gross motor skills

Question 36

Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin.

Answer 36

Fine motor skills

Question 37

_______ reduces risk of all infant diseases (including SIDS).

Answer 37

Breast-feeding

Question 38

_____________babies are less likely to develop allergies, asthma, obesity, and heart disease

Answer 38

Breast-fed

Question 39

_______ _____ adjusts to the baby’s changing nutritional needs

Answer 39

breast milk

Question 40

when not enough food of any kind is consumed

Answer 40

Protein-calorie

Question 41

being too short for your age due to severe and chronic malnutrition

Answer 41

Stunting

Question 42

being very underweight due to malnutrition

Answer 42

Wasting

Question 43

severe malnutrition during infancy where "child stops growing, tissues waste away and then usually dies"

Answer 43

Marasmus

Question 44

disease of "chronic malnutrition" during childhood where child becomes more prone to get other "diseases such as measles, diarrhea and influenza"

Answer 44

Kwashiorkor

Question 45

- allows neurons to connect and communicate with other neurons

Answer 45

Transient Exuberance

Question 46

What increases the risk of SIDS?

Answer 46

Malnutrition

Question 47

By one year old a child weight ___ from birth

Answer 47

tripples

Question 48

A ____ is an average for a particular population

Answer 48

average

Question 49

Over the first few months of infancy, the amount of time spent in REM (dreaming) sleep:

Answer 49

decreases

Question 50

Which of the following is a likely explanation for why first-born infants are more likely to exhibit sleep problems than later-borns?

Answer 50

1st borns receive more attention that disrupts sleep patterns

Question 51

which three factors enable toddlers to walk?

Answer 51

muscle strength, brain maturation and practice

Question 52

Ninety-five percent of all babies master walking by ____ months.

Answer 52

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