Chapter 13 General Senses

Question 1

_______ are activated by changes in the internal or external environment

Answer 1

Sensory receptors

Question 2

Survival depends upon these 2 factors:

Answer 2

1. Sensation
2. Perception

Question 3

The awareness of changes in the internal and external environment

Answer 3

Sensation

Question 4

The conscious interpretation of those stimuli

Answer 4

Perception

Question 5

Specialized to respond to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses

Answer 5

Sensory receptors

Question 6

Classification of Receptors; 3 ways

Answer 6

1. Type of stimulus
2. Body location
3. Structural complexity

Question 7

Respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

Answer 7

Mechanoreceptors

Question 8

Sensitive to changes in temperature

Answer 8

Thermoreceptors

Question 9

Respond to light energy

Answer 9

Photoreceptors

Question 10

Respond to chemicals

Answer 10

Chemoreceptors

Question 11

Sensitive to pain-causing stimuli

Answer 11

Nociceptors

Question 12

Respond to stimuli arising outside of body
Receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Most special sense organ receptors

Answer 12

Exteroreceptors

Question 13

Also called visceroceptors
Respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels
Sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes
Sometimes cause discomfort but usually person is unaware of their workings

Answer 13

Interoceptors

Question 14

Respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
Inform brain of one’s movement

Answer 14

Proprioceptors

Question 15

Modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons
Found throughout body and monitor most types of “general sensory” information

Answer 15

Simple receptors (general senses)

Question 16

Tactile sensations (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration)
Temperature
Pain
Muscle sense
One receptor can respond to multiple stimuli

Answer 16

General senses

Question 17

Free nerve ending in general sense receptor
Present nearly everywhere in body
Abundant in epithelia and connective tissue
Mostly unmyelinated, small
3 types: Free nerve endings, tactile discs, hair follicle receptors

Answer 17

Nonencapsulated nerve endings

Question 18

Unmyelinated fibers with knoblike swellings on their ends
Respond to temperature and painful stimuli

Answer 18

Free nerve endings

Question 19

Free nerve endings associated with enlarged disc-shaped epidermal cells
Function as light touch receptors
Located in deeper layers of epidermis

Answer 19

Tactile (merkel) cells

Question 20

Free nerve endings that are in and around hair follicles

Answer 20

Hair follicle receptors

Question 21

Consist of one or more fiber terminals of sensory neurons enclosed in a connective tissue capsule
Almost all are mechanoreceptors
Vary in shape, size, and distribution
6 types

Answer 21

Encapsulated nerve endings

Question 22

Small receptors involved in discriminative touch

Answer 22

Tactile corpuscles

Question 23

Large receptors respond to deep pressure and vibration when first applied

Answer 23

Lamella (Pacinian) corpuscles

Question 24

Respond to deep and continuous pressure

Answer 24

Bulbous corpuscles

Question 25

Spindle-shaped proprioceptors that respond to muscle stretch

Answer 25

Muscle spindles

Question 26

Proprioceptors located in tendons that detect stretch

Answer 26

Tendon organ

Question 27

Joint capsules of synovial joints

Answer 27

Joint kinesthetic receptors

Question 28

Part of sensory system serving body wall and limbs Receives inputs from: exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors Input is relayed toward head but processed along the way

Answer 28

Somatosensory system

Question 29

Sensory receptors; First level of integration center

Answer 29

Receptor level

Question 30

Processing in ascending pathways; Second level of integration center

Answer 30

Circuit level

Question 31

Processing in cortical sensory areas; Third level in integration center

Answer 31

Perceptual level

Question 32

Warns of actual or impending tissue damage so protective action can be taken Stimuli: extreme pressure or temperature, histamine, ATP, acids Impulses travel on fibers that release neurotransmitters glutamate and substance P

Answer 32

Pain

Question 33

Results from stimulation of visceral organ receptors

Answer 33

Visceral pain

Question 34

Comes from stimulation of joints, bones, muscles, and soft tissues

Answer 34

Somatic pain

Question 35

Pain tolerance ________

Answer 35

Varies

Question 36

Pain from one body region is perceived as coming from different region Visceral and somatic pain fibers travel along same nerves Brain assumes stimulus comes from common (somatic) region

Answer 36

Referred pain