Chapter 12 - Part 2

Question 1

Show specific motor and sensory functions that are located in discrete cortical areas

Answer 1

PET adn MRI scans

Question 2

Discrete cortical areas that show specific motor and sensory functions

Answer 2

Domains

Question 3

1. Motor areas
2. Sensory areas
3. Association areas

Answer 3

3 Functional Regions of Cerebral Cortex

Question 4

Control voluntary movement

Answer 4

Motor areas

Question 5

Conscious awareness of sensation

Answer 5

Sensory areas

Question 6

Integrate diverse information

Answer 6

Association areas

Question 7

Two hemispheres are not entirely equal in ________

Answer 7

Function

Question 8

Conscious behavior involves ______ in one way or another

Answer 8

Entire cortex

Question 9

Each hemisphere is concerned with sensory and motor function of the _________ side of the body

Answer 9

Contralateral (opposite)

Question 10

Located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe; Contains large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements
All muscles can be mapped to area
Damage = paralyzes muscles controlled by those areas

Answer 10

Primary (somatic) motor cortex

Question 11

Located in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
Receives general sensory information from skin and receptors of skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons
Capable of spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated

Answer 11

Primary somatosensory cortex

Question 12

Receive inputs from multiple sensory spots and send outputs to multiple areas; Allows us to give meaning to information that we receive, store in memory, tie to previous experience, etc.
(Makes us who we are)
Divided into: anterior, posterior, and limbic areas
Damage to anterior = mental and personality disorders, including loss of judgement, attentiveness, inhibitions

Answer 12

Associtation areas

Question 13

Concerned with conscious awareness of sensation
Occur in parietal, insular, occipital, and temporal lobes

Answer 13

Sensory areas

Question 14

Division of labor between hemispheres (not identical)

Answer 14

Lateralization

Question 15

Refers to hemisphere that is dominant for language
90% of humans have left dominance
Usually results in right-handedness

Answer 15

Cerebral dominance

Question 16

Controls language, math, and logic

Answer 16

Left hemisphere

Question 17

Visual-spacial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills

Answer 17

Right hemisphere

Question 18

Hemispheres communicate _________

Answer 18

Instantaneously

Question 19

Region of brain involved with speech production
Ex. Understanding words but cannot speak

Answer 19

Broca’s area

Question 20

Region of brain involved with understanding spoken and written
Ex. Can speak, but words are nonsensical

Answer 20

Wernicke’s area

Question 21

Responsible for communication between cerebral areas, and between cortex and lower CNS
Consists of myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts

Answer 21

Cerebral white matter

Question 22

Horizontal running fibers that connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Answer 22

Association fibers

Question 23

Horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of two hemispheres

Answer 23

Commissural fibers

Question 24

Vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

Answer 24

Projection fibers

Question 25

Temporary alteration in brain function

Answer 25

Concussion

Question 26

Permanent brain damage

Answer 26

Contusion

Question 27

Pressure from blood may force brain stem through foramen, resulting in death

Answer 27

Subdural hemorrhage

Question 28

Swelling of brain associated with traumatic head injury

Answer 28

Cerebral edema

Question 29

Most common nervous system disorder and leading cause of death in NA A.k.a Stroke Occurs because of ischemia Most common cause is blood clot blocking cerebral artery

Answer 29

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)

Question 30

Reduction in blood supply that impairs delivery of oxygen and nutrients

Answer 30

Ischemia

Question 31

Paralysis on one side Result of stroke

Answer 31

Hemiplegia

Question 32

Progressive degenerative disease of brain resulting in dementia; Memory loss, short attention span, disorientation Proteins appear to be misfolded and malfunction Brain cells die --> Brain shrinks

Answer 32

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 33

Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons Basal nuclei deprived of dopamine become overactive, resulting in tumors at rest Cause is unknown, but theories include mitochondrial abnormalities or protein degradation pathways

Answer 33

Parkinson's disease

Question 34

Fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of protein huntingtin in brain cells Leads to degeneration of basal nuclei Initial symptoms include wild, jerky, flapping movements Fatal within 15 years

Answer 34

Huntington's disease

Question 35

Torrent of electrical discharges by groups of neurons, prevents any other messages from getting through Can be caused by flashing lights

Answer 35

Epileptic seizure

Question 36

Mild seizures of young children; expression goes blank for few seconds Formerly: petit mal Expression is "absent"

Answer 36

Absence seizures

Question 37

Most severe; last few minutes Victim loses consciousness, bones can be broken during intense convulsions

Answer 37

Tonic-clonic seizures

Question 38

Identification of tumors, lesions, plaque, or areas of infarct

Answer 38

CT, MRI, PET scans

Question 39

X rays used to pinpoint any stroke causing clots

Answer 39

Cerebral angiography

Question 40

Evaluate blood flow through arteries feeding the brain Used during pregnancy

Answer 40

Ultrasound

Question 41

Hammer tapping agianst quad tendon Abnormal responses may indicate intracranial hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, or hydrocephalus

Answer 41

Knee jerk test

Question 42

Composed of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers that allow communication between different parts of the spinal cord and between the cord and brain

Answer 42

White matter

Question 43

Bundles of nerve fibers in spinal cord

Answer 43

Tracts

Question 44

Runs up to higher centers (sensory inputs)

Answer 44

Ascending tract

Question 45

Runs from brain to cord or lower cord levels (motor outputs)

Answer 45

Descending tracts

Question 46

Runs from one side to the other (commissural fibers)

Answer 46

Transverse tracts

Question 47

_____ and _____ make up most of white matter

Answer 47

Ascending and descending tracts

Question 48

Localized injury to spinal cord or its roots leads to functional losses -Damage to dorsal roots or sensory tracts leads to sensory function loss or abnormal sensations (paresthesias)

Answer 48

Spinal cord injury

Question 49

Caused by damage to ventral roots or ventral horn cells Leads to motor function loss

Answer 49

Paralysis

Question 50

Severe damage to ventral root or ventral horn cells Impulses do not reach muscles, so they appear loose and "flaccid"

Answer 50

Flaccid paralysis

Question 51

Damage to upper motor neurons of primary motor cortex Spinal neurons remain intact; muscles are stimulated irregularly by reflex activity Muscles remain healthy longer, but no voluntary control of muscles

Answer 51

Spastic paralysis

Question 52

Transection between T1 and L1 Both lower limbs will be affected

Answer 52

Paraplegia

Question 53

Transection in cervical region All four limbs will be affected

Answer 53

Quadriplegia

Question 54

Transient (temporary) period of functional loss in spinal cord

Answer 54

Spinal shock

Question 55

Destruction of ventral horn motor neurons by poliovirus Muscles atrophy Death may occur from paralysis of respiratory muscles or cardiac arrest Survivors = post polio syndrome = lethargy, muscle weakness

Answer 55

Poliomyelitis

Question 56

Lou Gehrig's disease Destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of pyramidal tract Symptoms: loss of ability to speak, swallow, and breathe Death within 5 years Caused by environmental factors and genetic mutations

Answer 56

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Question 57

Cerebrum and parts of brain stem never develop

Answer 57

Anencephaly

Question 58

Incomplete formation of vertebral arches Most cases caused by lack of folic acid Least severe = Spina bifida occulta Most severe = Myelomeningocele

Answer 58

Spina bifida