Chapter 6 Flashcards by Halle Kuck

Made of highly resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water
Contains no blood vessels or nerves

Skeletal cartilage

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Layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage like a girdle
Helps cartilage resist outward expansion
Contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage

Perichondrium

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Chondrocytes, encased in lacunae, within extracellular matrix

Cartilage makeup:

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Provides support, flexibility, and resilience
Ex. Most abundant cartilage
Joints, ribs, larynx, nasal cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

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Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers
Ex. External ear and epiglottis

Elastic cartilage

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Type of cartilage
Thick collagen fibers, has great tensile strength
Ex. Menisci of knee, intervertebral discs, where bones of pelvis come together

Fibrocartilage

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Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral growth factor storage
Blood cell formation
Triglyceride (fat) storage
Hormone production

Function of bone

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Formation of blood cells in red marrow cavities

Hematopoiesis

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Secreted by bones to help regulate insulin secretion, glucose levels, and metabolism

Osteocalcin

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How many bones are in human body?

206

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Long axis of body
Includes skull, vertebral column, rib cage

Axial skeleton

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Sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces
Areas involved in joint formation or conduits for blood vessels and nerves

Bone markings

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Outward bulge of bone

Projection

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Bowl-like or groove-like cut out that can serve as passageways for vessels and nerves, or plays roles in joints

Depression

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Hole or canal bone that serves as passageways for blood vessels and nerves

Opening

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Organs that contain different types of tissues

Bone

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Dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid
A.k.a lamellar bone
Consists of:
1. Osteon
2. Canals and canaliculi
3. Interstitial and circumferential lamellae

Compact bone

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Made up of honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae
No osteons present
Trabeculae confer strength
Organized along lines of stress to resist stress

Spongy bone

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Open spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone; Has RBCs

Bone marrow

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Cartilage that covers area of bone that is part of a moveable joint

Hyaline cartilage

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Thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone in short, irregular, and flat bones
(Looks like oreo)

Diploe

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Tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
Consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults

Diaphysis

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Ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
Articular cartilage covers joint surfaces

Epiphyses

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Between diaphysis and epiphysis
Remnant of epiphyseal plate where bone growth occurs

Epiphyseal line

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Longer than they are wide

Long bones

Type of bone that are cube-shaped

Short bones

Type of bone that is thin, flat, slightly curved

Flat bones

Type of bone; Complicated shapes

Irregular bones

Special type of short bone that forms within a tendon Common around the knee

Sesamoid bones

White, double-layered membrane that covers external surface of bone except joints 2 layers - fibrous, osteogenic

Periosteum

Outer periosteum layer Dense irregular tissue Consists of sharpey's fibers - collagen fibers that secure periosteum to bone matrix

Fibrous layer

Inner periosteum layer, against the bone Contains stem cells that gives rise to most all bone cells

Osteogenic layer

Openings where nerve fibers and blood enter the periosteum (nutrients)

Nutrient foramen

Delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface Covers trabeculae of spongy bone Lines canals that pass through compact bone Contains stem cells Deep to periosteum

Endosteum

Hematopoietic tissue, produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Red bone marrow

Produces fat, cartilage, and bone

Yellow marrow

Formation and development of RBCs

Hematopoiesis

Five major bone cell types:

1. Osteogenic cells 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteoclasts 4. Osteocytes 5. Bone-lining cells

Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum When stimulated, they differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells Some remain as stem cells

Osteogenic cells

Actively mitotic Bone forming cells that secrete osteoid "Blasting out" osteoid

Osteoblasts

Bone resorbing cell (breakdown); giant multinucleate cells Have ruffled borders that increase surface area - release enzymes to degrade bone

Osteoclasts

Mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide Maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors Respond to chemical stimuli such as increased force on bone or weightlessness

Osteocytes

Flat cells lining bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix

Bone lining cells

Structural unit of compact bone Consists of an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone Several lamellae rings inside that composes it

Osteon

Rings of bone matrix in osteon cylinder Contain collagen fibers that run in different directions in adjacent rings Withstands stress and resists twisting 1. Interstitial - between osteons 2. Circumferential - outer bone

Lamellae

Runs through core of osteon Lined with endosteum Contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

Central canal

Small cavities that contain osteocytes Occur at junctions of lamellae

Lacunae

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal Allow communication between all osteocytes and osteon and permit nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one cell to another "Small and cute"

Canaliculi

Lie at right angles to long axis of bone Connect blood and nerve supply of medullary cavity to central canals

Perforating canals (Volkmann's canals)

Lamellae that are not part of osteon Fills gaps between forming osteons

Interstitial lamellae

Type of lamellae; Extend around entire surface of diaphysis Help long bone to resist twisting

Circumferential lamellae

Organic bone component Unmineralized bone matrix; secreted by osteoblasts; made of up of collagen and calcium-binding proteins; contributes to to high tensile strength and flexibility of bone; 1/3 of bone matrix

Osteoids

Bonds between collagen molecules stretch and break to dissipate energy and prevent fractures Resilience of bone is due to these

Sacrificial bonds

Inorganic bone component 65% of bone; consist mainly of tiny calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers, responsible for hardness and resistance to compression (Bones will last long after death because of mineral composition)

Hydroxyapatites

Process of bone tissue formation 2 types: 1. Endochondral ossification 2. Intramembranous ossification

Ossification

Type of ossification Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage Bones = cartilage (endochondral) bones Form most of skeleton Begins at primary ossification center in shaft

Endochondral ossification

When does formation of bony skeleton begin?

Month 2 of development

Contains nutrient artery and vein, nerve fibers, red marrow, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts Delivers nutrients to growing bone Forms during endochondral ossification

Periosteal bud

Type of ossification Begins with fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells Forms frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and clavicle bones Bones = membrane bones

Intramembranous ossification

Continued production of cartilage and growth of epiphyseal plate

Bone growth (length)

Five regions of Epiphyseal plate:

1. Resting zone 2. Proliferation zone 3. Hypertrophic zone 4. Calcification zone 5. Ossification zone

Chondroblasts divide less often Epiphyseal plate thins, then is replaced by bone Epiphyseal plate closes when diaphysis and epiphysis fuse Females - 18 Males - 21

End of bone growth (length)

Occurs throughout life Bone thicken in response to increased stress from muscle activity or added weight More building than breaking down

Growth of bone (width)

Most important hormone in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

Growth hormone

Modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper proportions

Thyroid hormones

Promote adolescent growth spurts; specific to male and female End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

Testosterone (male) Estrogens (female)

Consists of bone deposit and bone resorption when bones are being reformed

Bone remodeling

Controls remodeling in response to changing blood calcium levels Calcium involved

Hormonal controls (Bone remodeling)

Bone shapes to reflect stresses they encounter Bones are stressed when weight bears on them or muscle pulls on them

Response to mechanical stress (Bone remodeling)

States that bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them

Wolf's Law

Breaks in a bone Classified by: 1. Position bone ends in (Non-displaced/displaced) 2. Completeness of break (Complete/incomplete) 3. Whether skin is penetrated (Open/closed)

Fracture

Bone fragments into three or more "minute" pieces

Comminuted fracture

Bone is crushed from pressure

Compression fracture

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone Common sports fracture

Spiral fracture

Bone breaks and epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along epiphyseal plate

Epiphyseal fracture

Bone breaks incompletely, much in a way a green stick breaks; one side of shaft breaks Common in children

Greenstick fracture

Broken bone portion is pressed inward Common skull fracture

Depressed fracture

Physician's hands manipulates bones ends to correct position

Closed (external) reduction

Surgical pins or wires secure bones ends together

Open (internal) reduction

Mass of clotted blood Forms when broken parts of bone are healing back together

Hematoma

Imbalances between bone deposit and bone resorption Ex. Osteomalacia/Rickets, osteoporosis, Paget's Disease

Bone disorders

Bones are poorly mineralized Results in softer, weaker bones (malacia=soft) Pain upon weight bearing In children: - Bowed legs and other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long - Caused by vitamin D deficiency

Osteomalacia (Ricket's)

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to be made fast and poorly; High ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization Occurs in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull

Paget's Disease

Group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit Matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible Vertebral and hip fractures common

Osteoporosis

Most often in aged women, postmenopausal women Insufficient exercise Diet poor in calcium and protein Smoking

Risk factors for Osteoporosis

Chapter 6 Flashcards

Bones and Skeletal Tissues (85 cards)