Chapter 8

Question 1

Bones joined by dense, fibrous connective tissue
No joint cavity
Most are immovable
3 types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Answer 1

Fibrous joints

Question 2

Rigid, interlocking joints of skull
Allow for growth during youth
In middle age, sutures ossify and fuse

Answer 2

Sutures (fibrous)

Question 3

Closed, immovable sutures

Answer 3

Synostoses

Question 4

Bones are connected by ligaments
Fiber length varies, so movement varies
- Short fibers = little/no movement
- Longer fibers = larger movement

Typical at tibia and fibula junction

Answer 4

Syndesmosis (Fibrous)

Question 5

Peg-in-socket joints
Only examples are the teeth in alveolar sockets
Fibrous connection = periodontal ligament

Answer 5

Gomphosis (Fibrous)

Question 6

Bands of fibrous tissues

Answer 6

Ligaments

Question 7

Bones united by cartilage
No joint cavity
2 types: synchondrosis, symphysis

Answer 7

Cartilaginous joints

Question 8

Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
Almost all are synarthrotic (immoveable)
Typical in rib 1 and sternum articulation

Answer 8

Synchondrosis (Cartilaginous)

Question 9

Fibrocartilage unites bone
Symphyses are strong, amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable) joints
Ex. intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis

Answer 9

Symphysis (Cartilaginous)

Question 10

Bones are separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
Diarthrotic (freely moveable)
Ex. limb joints
Characteristics:
- Six general features
- Bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them

Answer 10

Synovial joints

Question 11

1. Articular cartilage - prevents crushing of bone ends
2. Joint (synovial) cavity - small, synovial fluid-filled space
3. Articular (joint) capsule - two layers thick
4. Synovial fluid - viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
5. Reinforcing ligaments
6. Nerves and blood vessels

Answer 11

6 Features of Synovial joints

Question 12

Dense irregular tissue layer
Outer layer in joint capsule

Answer 12

External fibrous layer

Question 13

Loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid
Inner layer in joint capsule

Answer 13

Synovial membrane

Question 14

Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris

Answer 14

Synovial fluid

Question 15

Reinforcing ligament; Thickened part of fibrous layer

Answer 15

Capsular

Question 16

Reinforcing ligament; Outside the capsule

Answer 16

Extracapsular

Question 17

Reinforcing ligament; Deep to capsule, covered by synovial membrane

Answer 17

Intracapsular

Question 18

Provide cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone

Answer 18

Fatty pads

Question 19

Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve fit of bone ends, stabilize joints, and reduce wear and tear
Common in knee

Answer 19

Menisci

Question 20

Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing thin film of synovial fluid
Reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Not part of synovial joint

Answer 20

Bursae

Question 21

Elongated bursae wrapped around tendons completely subjected to friction
Protects tendon

Answer 21

Tendon sheath

Question 22

1. Shape of articular surface
2. Ligament number and location
3. Muscle tone

Answer 22

Joint stability factors:

Question 23

Horizontal blows to knee:
- Collateral ligament damage (Tibial or Fibular)
- Cruciate ligament damage (Anterior or Posterior)
- Cartilage (menisci) damage

Answer 23

Common knee injuries:

Question 24

Gliding movement

Answer 24

Synovial plane

Question 25

Flexion and extension; elbow joints

Answer 25

Synovial hinge

Question 26

Rotation; Ulna and radius joints

Answer 26

Synovial pivot

Question 27

Oval articular surface; Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction; knuckles, wrist

Answer 27

Synovial condylar

Question 28

Carpometacarpal joint in thumb, looks like saddle

Answer 28

Synovial saddle

Question 29

Shoulder and hip joints

Answer 29

Synovial ball-and-socket

Question 30

1. Cartilage tear 2. Sprain 3. Dislocation

Answer 30

3 common joint injuries:

Question 31

Due to compression and shear stress Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind Cartilage rarely repairs itself Repairs: arthroscopic surgery

Answer 31

Cartilage tear

Question 32

Reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn Common in ankle, knee, and lumbar region of back Partial tears repair slowly because of poor vascularization Repairs: Ends sewn together, graft, relax

Answer 32

Sprain

Question 33

Bones are forced out of ligament Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty moving joint Reduced to treat Partial (subluxation) or complete (luxation)

Answer 33

Dislocations

Question 34

Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction Treatment: rest, ice, NSAIDS

Answer 34

Bursitis

Question 35

Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse

Answer 35

Tendonitis

Question 36

>100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints Most widespread crippling disease in US Acute forms: bacteria --> antibiotics Chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis

Answer 36

Arthritis

Question 37

Most common type of arthritis Irreversible, degenerative Cartilage broken down faster than it is replaced Normally a part of aging process Stiff joints with crunching noise (crepitus)

Answer 37

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Question 38

Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause Immune system attacks own cells Between ages 40-50 or any age Symptoms: joint pain, swelling, anemia Treatment: SAIDS or NSAIDS

Answer 38

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Question 39

Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation Common in men Effects joint base of big toe Bone ends fuse if untreated and immobilize joint Treatment: drugs, water, no alc., foods high in purines (liver, kidneys, sardines)

Answer 39

Gouty arthritis

Question 40

Tick bite disease Joint pain and arthritis Symptoms: skin rash, flu-symptoms, brain fog Treatment: Long course of antibiotics

Answer 40

Lyme disease