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A and P I > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chemistry

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Energy source for the body

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2
Q

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

A

Three classes of carbohydrates are:

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3
Q

Hexose sugars, monomers of carbs
Examples - glucose, fructose

A

Monosaccharides

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4
Q

Double sugars (dimers), consist of two linked monosaccharides, too large to pass through cell membranes
Examples - sucrose, maltose, lactose

A

Disaccharides

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5
Q

Glucose + Fructose =

A

Sucrose

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6
Q

Glucose + Glucose =

A

Maltose

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7
Q

Galactose + Glucose =

A

Lactose

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8
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of monosaccharides, not very soluble, long chains
Example - Glycogen

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9
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Bond that forms when 2 sugars combine

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10
Q

Insulate body organs, build cell membranes, and provide stored energy
Insoluble in water

A

Lipids

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11
Q

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

A

What are the three main lipid types?

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12
Q

-Called fats when solid, oils when liquid
-Composed of three fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol molecule
-Found in fat deposits in subcutaneous tissue and around organs
-Main functions: energy storage, insulation, protection

A

Triglycerides

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13
Q

Bond between the fatty acid and glycerol molecule to make a triglyceride

A

Ester bond

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14
Q

-All carbons are linked via single covalent bonds
-Solid at room temperature

A

Saturated fatty acid

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15
Q

-One or more carbons are linked via double bonds
-Liquid at room temp

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

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16
Q

Modified unsaturated fatty oils that resemble structure of saturated fats and considered unhealthy

A

Trans fats

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17
Q

Composed of glycerol and two fatty acid nonpolar chains, plus a phosphorus polar head
Important for cell membrane structure

A

Phospholipids

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18
Q

-Consist of four interlocking ring structures
-Found in cell membranes
-Raw material for making vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts
Example - Cholesterol

A

Steroids

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19
Q

-Derived from fatty acid found in cell membranes
-Most important = prostaglandins
-Roles in blood clotting, control of blood pressure

A

Eicosanoids

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20
Q

-Polymers of amino acid monomers
-Contain C, H, O, N, sometimes S and P
-20-30% cell mass
-Functions: structural, enzyme, contraction, transport, communication, defense

A

Proteins

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21
Q

How are amino acids joined together covalently?

A

peptide bonds

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22
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Linear sequence (order) of amio acids

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23
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

-How primary amino acids interact with each other
-Alpha helix: coils resemble spring
-Beta sheet: resemble accordion ribbons

24
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

-How secondary protein structures interact
-Beta sheets and alpha helices form 3D structures from folding

25
Quaternary protein structure
-How two or more different polypeptides interact with each other
26
-Loss of biological activity in proteins (unfolding) -Caused by decreased pH or increased temperature
Denaturing
27
-Strandlike, water-insoluble, and stable -Most have tertiary or quaternary structure -Provide mechanical support and tensile strength Examples - keratin, collagen, elastin
Fibrous proteins
28
What is the most abundant protein in the body?
Collagen
29
-Compact, spherical, water-soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes -Tertiary or quaternary structure (3D) -Active sites Examples - antibodies, hormones, enzymes
Globular proteins
30
Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts Lower activation energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction
Enzymes
31
Largest molecule in the body, DNA and RNA
Nucleic acids
32
Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)
-Holds the genetics blueprint for synthesis of proteins -Located on nucleus -Double helix
33
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
-Carries out the DNA orders for protein synthesis -Single stranded -3 types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
34
-Make up nucleic acid polymers -Composed of nitrogen base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
Nucleotides
35
What are the four types of nitrogenous bases?
Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine
36
Single ring nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
37
Double ring nitrogenous bases
Purines
38
Bond that forms when the sugar of a nucleotide is joined to the phosphate of another
Phosphodiester bond
39
A always pairs with T (2 H bonds) C always pairs with G (3 H bonds)
Complementary base pairing
40
Transfers energy to other compounds Directly powers chemical reactions in cells
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
41
Stored bonds of chemical substances
Chemical energy
42
Results from movement of charged particles
Electrical energy
43
Directly involved in moving matter
Mechanical energy
44
Travels in waves Heat, visible light, UV, X-rays
Electromagnetic energy
45
2 or more atoms bonded together
Molecule
46
Specific molecule that has 2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together
Compound
47
Substance in greatest amount
Solvent
48
Substance dissolved in solvent
Solute
49
Homogenous mixture with evenly distributed particles
Solution
50
Aka. Emulsion Heterogenous mixtures with particles not evenly distributed throughout mixture Cloudy or milky look
Colloids
51
Heterogenous mixtures that contain large, visible, solutes that do settle out Ex. Water and sand
Suspensions
52
Involve transfer of valence shell electrons from atom to another with ions
Ionic bond
53
Formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons between two atoms Single, double, or triple Non-polar --> equal sharing Polar --> unequal sharing
Covalent bond
54
Attractive force between postitve hydrogen and negative from another atom Common in water
H-bond
55
What are the three types of chemical reactions?
Synthesis Decomposition Exchange

A and P I (18 decks)

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