Chapter 11

Question 1

Master in controlling and communicating system for the body
Cells will communicate via electrical and chemical signals (rapid and specific; immediate response)

Answer 1

Nervous system

Question 2

1. Sensory Input
2. Integration
3. Motor Output

Answer 2

3 Overlapping Functions of NS

Question 3

Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

Answer 3

Sensory input

Question 4

Processing and interpretation of sensory input

Answer 4

Integration

Question 5

Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) –>
Produces response

Answer 5

Motor output

Question 6

Brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity; Integration and control center
Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output

Answer 6

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 7

Communication between CNS and rest of body
Consists of mainly spinal nerves (into and away from spinal cord) and cranial nerves (into and away from brain)

Answer 7

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 8

Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Made of somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
Somatic - Convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS
Visceral - Convey impulses from visceral organs to CNS

Answer 8

Sensory afferent division

Question 9

Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
Made of motor nerve fibers

Answer 9

Motor efferent division

Question 10

Subdivision of motor efferent division
Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle
Voluntary nervous system
Uses somatic motor nerve fibers

Answer 10

Somatic nervous system

Question 11

Subdivision of motor efferent division
Conducts impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Involuntary nervous system
Uses visceral motor nerve fibers

Answer 11

Autonomic nervous system

Question 12

Subdivision of autonomic nervous system; mobilized body systems during activity

Answer 12

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 13

Subdivision of autonomic nervous system; promotes housekeeping functions during rest, reserves energy

Answer 13

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 14

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
Nerve cells

Answer 14

Neurons

Question 15

Cells that surround and protect delicate neurons
Glial cells

Answer 15

Neuroglia

Question 16

Most abundant CNS glial cells; versatile and highly branched; Cling to neurons, synaptic endings, capillaries
Function: support and brace neurons, play role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons

Answer 16

Astrocytes

Question 17

Small, ovoid cells with thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons
Migrate towards injured neurons in CNS
Phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

Answer 17

Microglial cells

Question 18

Line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column; May be ciliated
Involved information and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 18

Ependymal cells

Question 19

Branched cells; Processes wrap around more than one CNS axon, forming myelin sheaths

Answer 19

Oligodendrocytes

Question 20

PNS glial cell; surrounds neuron cell body
Function similar to astrocytes of CNS

Answer 20

Satellite cells

Question 21

PNS glial cell; surrounds all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers
Similar function to oligodendrocytes
Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

Answer 21

Schwann cells

Question 22

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
Large, highly specialized to conduct impulses
Characteristics: extreme longevity, amitotic, high metabolic rate
Have a cell body with one or more processes

Answer 22

Neurons

Question 23

A.k.a Perikaryon/soma
Biosynthetic center of neuron
Contains nucleus/nucleolus/rough ER
Plasma membrane is part of the receptive region which receives input info from other neurons

Answer 23

Cell body

Question 24

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS
Most are located in CNS

Answer 24

Nuclei

Question 25

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS

Answer 25

Ganglia

Question 26

Short, tapering, diffusely branched processes Receptive (input) region on neuron Convey incoming messages toward cell body as short signals (graded potential)

Answer 26

Dendrites

Question 27

Appendages with bulbous or spiky ends on dendrites

Answer 27

Dendritic spines

Question 28

Conducting region of neuron

Answer 28

Axon

Question 29

Cone shaped start of axon

Answer 29

Axon hillock

Question 30

Long axon

Answer 30

Nerve fiber

Question 31

Axons with occasional branches

Answer 31

Axon collaterals

Question 32

Axons branch profusely at their end

Answer 32

Terminal branches

Question 33

Axon endings; Secretes neurotransmitters which can excite or inhibit a neighbor neuron

Answer 33

Axon terminals/terminal buttons

Question 34

Neuron cell membrane; Nerve impulses run down and are transmitted along

Answer 34

Axolemma

Question 35

Two types: anterograde or retrograde When molecules and organelles are moved along axons by motor proteins and cytoskeletal elements

Answer 35

Axonal transport

Question 36

Axonal transport away from cell body ------->

Answer 36

Anterograde

Question 37

Axonal transport toward cell body <------- Viruses, bacterial toxins, and prions damage neural tissue by this process

Answer 37

Retrograde

Question 38

Bundles of axons in CNS

Answer 38

Tracts

Question 39

Bundles axons in PNS

Answer 39

Nerves

Question 40

Composed of myelin, a whiteish, protein-lipid substance covering nerve fiber

Answer 40

Myelin sheath

Question 41

Protects and electrically insulates axon Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

Answer 41

Myelin

Question 42

Segmented sheath surrounds most long or large diameter axons Conduct nerve impulses rapidly

Answer 42

Myelinated fibers

Question 43

NO sheath; Conduct impulses more slowly Still surrounded by Schwann cells but not coiled multiple times

Answer 43

Nonmyelinated fibers

Question 44

PNS myelin sheath; wraps around axon in jelly roll fashion Plasma membrane has less proteins

Answer 44

Schwann cells

Question 45

Gaps between adjacent Schwann cells "Nodes of Ranvier"

Answer 45

Myelin sheath gaps

Question 46

Myelin sheath gaps present No outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm Thinnest fibers are usually unmyelinated

Answer 46

Myelination in CNS

Question 47

Regions of brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers

Answer 47

White matter

Question 48

Mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

Answer 48

Gray matter

Question 49

Three or more processes on neuron; 1 axon with dendrites, most abundant type in CNS

Answer 49

Multipolar neuron

Question 50

Two processes on neuron; 1 axon, 1 dendrite Rare, found in special sense organs

Answer 50

Bipolar neuron

Question 51

One process, T shaped; 1 axon with peripheral process and central process A.k.a pseudounipolar Mainly in PNS Sensory neurons

Answer 51

Unipolar neuron

Question 52

Transmit impulses from sensory receptors towards CNS Most are unipolar; cell bodies are located in ganglia in PNS

Answer 52

Sensory neurons

Question 53

Carry impulses from CNS to effectors Multipolar

Answer 53

Motor neurons

Question 54

Association neurons; Lie between motor and sensory neurons Shuttle signals through CNS pathways Most are multipolar

Answer 54

Interneurons