Chapter 13 - Theories of Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

• Unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave.

Question 2

Character

Answer 2

• Value judgements of a person’s moral and ethical behavior.

Question 3

Unconscious mind

Answer 3

• Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntary brought into consciousness.

Question 4

Id

Answer 4

• part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.

Question 5

Pleasure principle

Answer 5

• Principle by which the id functions; the desire for the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences.

Question 6

Ego

Answer 6

• Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious, rational, and logical.

Question 7

Reality principle

Answer 7

• Principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.

Question 8

Superego

Answer 8

• Part of the personality that acts as a moral center.

Question 9

Conscience

Answer 9

• Part of the superego that produces guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is.

Question 10

Psychological defense mechanisms

Answer 10

• Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety.

Question 11

Psychosexual stages

Answer 11

• five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child.

Question 12

Fixation

Answer 12

• Disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage.

Question 13

Oral stage

Answer 13

• The first stage in Freud’s psychosexual stages, occurring in the first 18 months of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict.

Question 14

Anal stage

Answer 14

• Second stage in Freuds psychosexual stages, occurring from about 18 to 36 months of age, in which the Anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict.

Question 15

Phallic stage

Answer 15

• Third stage in Freuds psychosexual stages, occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings.

Question 16

Oedipus complex/ Electra complex

Answer 16

• Situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent. Males develop an Oedipus complex whereas females develop an Electra complex.

Question 17

Latency

Answer 17

• fourth stage in Freuds psychosexual stages, occurring during the school
  Years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways.

Question 18

Genital stage

Answer 18

• Final stage in Freuds psychosexual stage; from puberty on, sexual urges are allowed back into consciousness and the individual moves towards adult social and sexual behavior.

Question 19

Five-Factor Model (Big Five)

Answer 19

• Model of personality traits that describe five basic trait dimensions.

Question 20

Extraverts

Answer 20

• People who are outgoing and sociable

Question 21

Introverts

Answer 21

• People who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention.

Question 22

Five trait dimensions (OCEAN)

Answer 22

• Openness: a person’s willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences.
• Conscientiousness: Person’s organization and motivation; people who are careful about being on time and careful with belongings.
• Extraversion: two personality types; Extraverts and Introverts.
• Agreeableness: Basic emotional style of a person; easy-going, friendly, and pleasant (high end of scale) or grumpy, crabby, and hard to get along with (low end of scale).
  Neuroticism: emotional instability or stability; people who are excessive worriers, overanxious, and moody (high end of scale). Even tempered and calm (low end ).