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General Psychology > Chapter 3 - Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Receptors

A
  • Specialized forms of neurons. Stimulated by different kinds of energy rather than by neurotransmitters.
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2
Q

Sense Organs

A
  • Eyes, ears, nose, skin, and taste buds.
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3
Q

Subliminal stimuli

A
  • Stimuli below level of conscious awareness.
  • Just strong enough to activate sensory receptors, not strong enough for conscious awareness.
  • Limin: “Threshold”
  • Sublimin: “Below threshold”
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4
Q

Subliminal perception

A
  • Process by which subliminal stimuli act upon unconscious mind, influencing behavior.
  • Signal detection theory.
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5
Q

Microsaccades

A
  • a type of a fixational eye movement that are small, jerk-like eye motions that are associated with fixed vision.
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6
Q

Brightness

A
  • Determined by amplitude of wave - how high or low with actually is.
  • Higher wave, brighter the light.
  • Low waves are dimmer.
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7
Q

Color

A
  • Determined by the length of wave.
  • Long wavelength are found at red end of visible spectrum.
  • Shorter wavelengths are found at blue end.
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8
Q

Saturation

A
  • purity of color people see -mixing black or grey lessens the saturation.
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9
Q

Cornea

A
  • Clear membrane that covers surface of eye, protects eye, focuses most of light coming into eye.
  • Fixed curvature - abnormal = astigmatism
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10
Q

Aqueous humor

A
  • Visual layer below cornea, clear watery fluid - continually replenished.
  • Supplies nourishment of eye.
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11
Q

Pupil

A
  • hole through which light from visual image enters interior of eye.
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12
Q

Iris

A
  • Round muscle (colored part of eye) where pupil is located.
  • Can change size of pupil, let’s more or less light in eye.
  • Increase - Dilate
  • Decrease - Constriction
  • Helps focus the image.
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13
Q

Lens

A
  • Another clear structure behind Iris, suspended by muscles.
  • Finishes focusing process begun by cornea.
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14
Q

Visual accommodation (Presbyopia)

A
  • Change and thickness of lens as eye focuses on object faraway or close
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15
Q

Vitreous humor

A
  • Jelly-like fluid that also nourishes eye and gives shape.
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16
Q

Nearsightedness (Myopia)

A
  • Shape of eyes causes focal point to fall short of retina.
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17
Q

Farsightedness (Hyperopia)

A
  • Focus point is behind retina.
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18
Q

Retina

A
  • Final stop for light and eyes.
  • Contains three layers: Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and photoreceptors (rods and cones) that respond to various light waves.
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19
Q

Rods (low light)

A
  • Visual sensory receptors found at back of retina.

- Responsible for non-color sensitivity to low levels of light.

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20
Q

Cones (Color-Needs bright light)

A
  • Visual sensory receptors found at back of retina.

- Responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision.

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21
Q

Blind spot

A
  • area in retina where axons of three layers of retinal cells exit eye to form optic nerve: Insensitive to light = no rods/cones.
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22
Q

Dark adaptation

A
  • Recovery of eyes sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights.
  • Night blindness.
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23
Q

Light adaptation

A
  • Recovery of eyes sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness.
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24
Q

Trichromatic theory

A
  • Theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: Red, blue, and green.
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25
Q

Opponent-Process theory

A
  • Theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arranged in pairs: Red and green, blue and yellow.
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26
Q

Afterimages

A
  • images that occur when visual sensation persists for brief time even after original stimulus is removed.
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27
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LNG) of thalamus

A
  • Processing of color vision and afterimage.
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28
Q

Monochrome colorblindness

A

-Condition in which persons eyes either have no cones or have cones that aren’t working.

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29
Q

Red-green colorblindness

A
  • Either red or green cones are not working.
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30
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A
  • Gene for color-deficient vision is recessive.
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31
Q

Wavelengths

A

-Interpreted as frequency or pitch (high, medium, or low)

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32
Q

Amplitude

A
  • Interpreted as volume (how soft or loud sound is).
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33
Q

Purity

A
  • Interpreted as Timbre (richness in tone of sound).
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34
Q

Hertz (Hz)

A
  • Cycles or waves per second.

- Measurement of frequency.

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35
Q

Decibal

A
  • unit of measure for loudness.
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36
Q

Auditory Canal

A
  • Short tunnel that runs from pinna (outer ear) to eardrum. (Tympanic membrane)
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37
Q

Eardrum

A
  • thin section of skin that tightly covers opening into middle part of ear.
  • When sound waves hit eardrum, it vibrates and causes three tiny bones in middle ear to vibrate.
  • Hammar (Malleus), Anvil (incus), and Stirrup (Stapes).
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38
Q

Cochlea

A
  • Snail-shaped structure of inner ear that is filled with fluid.
  • (inner ear = Vestibulocochlear apparatus)
39
Q

Organ of corti

A
  • Rests in basilar membrane.

- contains receptor cells for sense of hearing.

40
Q

Auditory nerve

A
  • Bundle of axons from hair cells in inner ear.

- Receives neural messages from organ to corti.

41
Q

Pitch

A
  • Psychological experience of sound that corresponds to frequency of sound waves.
  • Higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches.
42
Q

Place theory

A
  • theory of pitch: Different pitches are experienced by stimulation of hair cells in different locations on organ of corti.
43
Q

Frequency theory

A
  • Theory of pitch - pitch is related to speed of vibrations in basilar membrane.
44
Q

Volley principle

A
  • Theory of pitch -frequencies from about 400Hz up to 4,000Hz cause hair cells (auditory neurons) to fire in volley pattern, or take turns in firing.
45
Q

Conduction hearing impairment

A
  • Can result from: damaged eardrum- would prevent sound waves from being carried into middle war properly. Damage to bones of middle ear - sounds cannot be conducted from eardrum to cochlea.
46
Q

Nerve hearing impairment

A
  • Can result from: Damage in inner ear, and damage in auditory pathways and cortical areas of brain.
47
Q

Cochlear implant

A
  • Microphone implanted just behind ear that picks up sound from surrounding environment.
  • Speech professor selects and arranged sound picked up by microphone.
  • Implant is transmitter and receiver, converting signals into electrical impulses.
  • Collected by electrode array in cochlea, sent to brain.
48
Q

Tastebuds

A
  • taste receptor cells in mouth; Responsible for sense of taste.
49
Q

Gustation

A
  • Sensation of taste.

- Five basic tastes: Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and “bright”. (Umami)

50
Q

Gustatory Cortex

A
  • a region of cerebral cortex responsible for the perception of taste and flavour.
  • It consists of two substructures: anterior insula on the insular lobe and frontal operculum on the inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe.
51
Q

Olfaction (olfactory sense)

A
  • Sense of smell.
52
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A
  • Areas of brain located above sinus cavity and just below frontal lobes that receive information from olfactory receptor cells. (Hair cells; Chemoreceptors)
  • At least 1,000 olfactory receptors.
53
Q

Somesthetic senses

A
  • Body senses consisting of skin senses, kinesthetic senses, and vestibular senses.
  • “soma”: body, “esthetic”: feeling
54
Q

Skin senses

A
  • Sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
  • Sensory receptors in skin.
  • Gate-controlled theory: pain signals must pass through “gate” located in spinal cord.
55
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A
  • Sense of location of body parts in relation to ground and each other.
  • Proprioception (Tendons/joints)
56
Q

Vestibular sense

A
  • Sensations of movement, balance, and body position.

- Vestibular: Semicircular canals.

57
Q

Sensory conflict theory

A
  • Explanation of motion sickness in which information from eyes conflicts with information from vestibular senses.
  • Results in dizziness, Nausea, and other physical discomforts.
58
Q

Perception

A
  • method by which sensations experienced at any moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion.
  • size, shape, and brightness constancy (unchanging)
59
Q

Figure-Ground

A
  • tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background.
60
Q

Reversible figures

A
  • Visual illusions which figure and ground can be reversed.
61
Q

Proximity

A
  • Tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of same grouping.
62
Q

Similarity

A
  • Tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of same group.
63
Q

Closure

A
  • Tendency to complete figures that are incomplete.
64
Q

Continuity

A

-Tendency to perceive things as simple as possible with continuous pattern rather than with complex, broken-up pattern.

65
Q

Depth perception

A

-Ability to perceive world in three dimensions.

66
Q

Monocular cues (Pictorial depth cues)

A
  • Cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only.

- linear perspective, relative size, overlap, aerial perspective, texture gradient, motion parallax, and accommodation.

67
Q

Binocular cues

A
  • Cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes.

- Convergence, binocular disparity.

68
Q

Hermann grid

A
  • Possibly due to response of primary visual cortex.
69
Q

Müller-lyer illusion

A

-Illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on ends of lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different.

70
Q

Moon illusion

A
  • moon on horizon appears larger than moon in sky.

- Apparent distance hypothesis.

71
Q

Autokinetic effect

A

-Small, stationary light in darkened room will appear to move or drift because there are no surrounding cues to indicate light is not moving.

72
Q

Stroboscopic motion

A
  • Seen in motion pictures, a rapid series of still pictures will appear to be in motion.
73
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

-Lights turned on it a sequence appear to move.

74
Q

Rotating snakes

A

-tiny eye movements and blinking can make a geometric drawing appear to dance.

75
Q

Enigma illusion

A
  • Rapid, unconscious eye movements in which a still image appears to move. Due in part of Microsaccades
76
Q

Perceptual set (perceptual expectancy)

A
  • Tendency to perceive things a certain way.

- Previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions.

77
Q

Top-Down processing

A

-Use of pre-existing knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole.

78
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

-Analysis if smaller features to build up to a complete perception.

79
Q

Pinna

A
  • The visible part of the ear
80
Q

Proprioception

A
  • Awareness of where the body and body parts are located in relation to each other in space, and to the ground.
81
Q

Size constancy

A
  • The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its difference.
82
Q

Shape constancy

A
  • The tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when it’s shape changed on the retina.
83
Q

Brightness constancy

A
  • The tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change.
84
Q

Contiguity

A

-A gestalt principle of perception, The tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related.

85
Q

Linear perspective

A

-Monocular depth perception cue, the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other.

86
Q

Relative size

A
  • Monocular depth perception cue, perception that occurs when object when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much rather away.
87
Q

Interposition

A
  • Monocular depth perception cue, the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer.
88
Q

Aerial (atmospheric) Perspective

A
  • Monocular depth perception cue, the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater.
89
Q

Texture gradient

A

-Monocular depth perception cue, the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases.

90
Q

Motion parallax

A
  • Monocular depth perception cue, the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away.
91
Q

Accommodation

A
  • As a Monocular cue depth perception, the brain’s use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away.
92
Q

Convergence

A
  • Binocular depth perception cue, the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence of objects are distant.
93
Q

Binocular Disparity

A
  • Binocular depth perception cue, the difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects.

General Psychology (15 decks)

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