Chapter 14: Language and Oral Style (F)

Question 1

This refers to how we convey messages through the spoken word

Answer 1

Oral Style

Question 2

The goal in oral style is?

Answer 2

To adapt your language to the purpose, audience, and occasion

Question 3

T or F

Even in formal situation, you must establish a relationship with you listeners

Answer 3

T

Question 4

T or F
Though your oral style is more formal than everyday conversation, it should not involve your personal tone

Answer 4

F (it should still reflect a personal tone that encourages listeners to perceive you to be having a conversation with them)

Question 5

What are the 4 primary characteristic to distinguish effective oral style

Answer 5

1. Short sentences and Familiar language
2. Plural Personal Pronouns
3. Descriptive words and phrases
4. Clear macrostructural elements

Question 6

4 primary characteristic to distinguish effective oral style

Because listeners expect to grasp your main ideas while they listen, choose words that your audience is likely to understand without looking up definitions.

Like- wise, opt for short, simple sentences rather than complex ones that require additional time to decipher.

Answer 6

1. An effective oral style tends toward short sentences and familiar language

Question 7

4 primary characteristic to distinguish effective oral style

Using plural personal pro- nouns such as “we,” “us,” and “our” creates a sense of relationship with the audience.

It demonstrates respect for the audience as participants in the rhetorical situation.

Answer 7

2. An effective oral style features plural personal pronouns

Question 8

4 primary characteristic to distinguish effective oral style

By using colorful adjectives and adverbs that appeal to the senses, as well as rhetorical figures of speech

you will capture the interest of your audience to pay attention and motivate them to stay focused on it throughout

Answer 8

3. An effective oral style features descriptive words and phrases that appeal to the ear in ways that sustain listener interest and promote retention

haba ng title just remember that effective oral style uses colorful and descriptive adjectives

Question 9

4 primary characteristic to distinguish effective oral style

Consequently, you need to intentionally articulate a preview of your main points so listeners can conceptualize the framework for your main ideas at the outset

you need to provide section transitions that verbally signal when you are moving from one major idea to the next

Answer 9

4. An effective oral style incorporates clear macrostructural element

Question 10

T or F

Oral style is just the same from written style

Answer 10

F (Oral style differs from written style)

Question 11

Means using language that adapts to the needs, interests, knowledge, and attitudes of listeners and avoiding language that might alienate anyone

Answer 11

Speaking Appropriately (KEYWORD: ADAPTING = BEING APPROPRIATE)

Question 12

The psychological distance between speaker and audience

Answer 12

Verbal immediacy

Question 13

T or F

Speaking appropriately means making language choices that enhance a sense of connection between you and your audience members

Answer 13

T

Question 14

Speaking appropriately means? (CLUE: lima to)

FIve factors

Answer 14

1. Highlight RELEVANCE of your topic
2. Establishing COMMON GROUND
3. SPEAKER CREDIBILITY
4. Demonstrating LINGUISTIC SENSITIVITY
5. Adapting CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Question 15

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately

Listeners pay attention to and are interested in ideas they perceive as personally relevant (when they can answer the question, “What does this have to do with me?”)

Answer 15

Relevance

Question 16

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 1. Relevance

Refers to how the information can be used now

Answer 16

Timeliness

Question 17

T or F

So whenever possible, use the present tense as you explain your ideas

Answer 17

T

Question 18

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 1. Relevance

Refers to information in relation to listeners’ personal space

Answer 18

Proximity

Question 19

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 1. Relevance

Psychologically, we pay more attention to information that is related to our ________—to our family, our neighborhood, or our city, state, or country.

Answer 19

“Territory”

Question 20

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately:

Is the combination of background, knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and philosophies that you share with your audience

Answer 20

Common ground

Question 21

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 2. Common Ground

You should use what to identify areas of similarity?

Answer 21

Audience Analysis

Question 22

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 2. Common Ground

After identifying audience analysis what 3 things should we consider to establish a common ground?

Answer 22

Plural personal pronouns, rhetorical questions, common experiences

Question 23

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 2. Common Ground (4 things to consider in establishing common ground)

Use plural personal pronouns: we, us,
and our

Answer 23

1. Use Plural Personal Pronouns

Question 24

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 2. Common Ground (3 things to consider in establishing common ground)

Is one whose answer is obvious to audience members and to which they are not expected to reply

Answer 24

Rhetorical Question

Question 25

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 2. Common Ground (4 things to consider in establishing common ground) Create common ground by alluding to experiences that are shared by audience members and the speaker Used in speech introductions but can also be effective as transitions

Answer 25

2. Ask Rhetorical Questions

Question 26

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 2. Common Ground (4 things to consider in establishing common ground) You can also develop common ground by sharing personal experiences, examples, and illustrations that embody what you and the audience have in common

Answer 26

Draw from Common Experiences

Question 27

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: Is the confidence an audience places in the truthfulness of what a speaker says

Answer 27

3. Credibility

Question 28

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 3. Speaker Credibility T or F Some people who are experts still have to adapt their remarks to establish their credibility

Answer 28

F (Some people are widely known experts in a particular area and DO NOT have to adapt their remarks to establish their credibility)

Question 29

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: Choose words that are respectful of others and avoid potentially offensive language.

Answer 29

4. Linguistic Sensitivity

Question 30

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity 4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity

Answer 30

1. Generic Language 2. Nonparallel Language 3. Offensive Humor 4. Profanity and Vulgarity

Question 31

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity (4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity) Uses words that apply only to one sex, race, or other group as though they represent everyone ex: using he for all people

Answer 31

Generic language

Question 32

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity (4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity) Is when terms are changed because of the sex, race, or other group characteristics of the individual

Answer 32

Nonparallel language

Question 33

What are the 2 common forms of Non-parallelism?

Answer 33

Marking and Irrelevant Association

Question 34

Form of Non-parallelism When one person’s relationship to another is emphasized, even though that relationship is irrelevant to the point.

Answer 34

Irrelevant Association

Question 35

Form of Non-parallelism Is the addition of sex, race, age, or other group designations to a description ex: Jones is a black doctor

Answer 35

Marking

Question 36

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity (4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity) Dirty jokes and racist, sexist, or other “-ist” remarks may not be intended to be offensive, but if some listeners are offended, you will have lost verbal immediacy

Answer 36

Offensive Humor

Question 37

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity (4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity) T or F To be most effective with your formal public speeches, avoid humorous comments or jokes that may be offensive to some listeners

Answer 37

T

Question 38

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity (4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity) T or F As a general rule, when in doubt, leave it out

Answer 38

T

Question 39

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity (4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity) Are not considered appropriate language

Answer 39

Profanity and Vulgarity

Question 40

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: Language rules and expectations vary from culture to culture

Answer 40

Cultural Diversity

Question 41

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: Cultural Diversity T or F Most audience members are more tolerant of mistakes made by a second-language speaker than those of made by a native speaker

Answer 41

T

Question 42

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: Cultural Diversity One of the best ways to improve speech in second is practicing with whom?

Answer 42

Your friends that are native speakers

Question 43

Means using words that convey your meaning precisely

Answer 43

Speaking Clearly

Question 44

Speaking Clearly In the semantic triangle, this refers to the thing or object we refer to with a word

Answer 44

"Referent", which is the "symbol" we refer to it??

Question 45

Speaking Clearly Our audience then attaches meaning to that symbol, which is what Richards and Ogden label the______

Answer 45

"Though of Referent"

Question 46

4 strategies for improving clarity

Answer 46

1. Use of specific language 2. Choose familiar terms 3. Provide details and examples 4. Limit vocalized pauses

Question 47

4 strategies for improving clarity Refers to using precise words that clarify meaning by NARROWING what is understood from a GENERAL category to a PARTICULAR item or group within that category

Answer 47

Specific language

Question 48

4 strategies for improving clarity: 1.Specific language T or F Choosing a specific language is easier when you have a small working vocabulary

Answer 48

F (easier when you have a LARGER working vocabulary)

Question 49

4 strategies for improving clarity: 1.Specific language As a general rule, we use complex words when?

Answer 49

Only when you/we believe that it is the very best word for a specific context

Question 50

4 strategies for improving clarity Avoid jargon, slang, abbreviations, and acronyms unless: (1) you define them clearly the first time they are used and (2) using them is central to your speech goal.

Answer 50

Choose Familiar Terms

Question 51

4 strategies for improving clarity: 2.Choose Familiar Terms Is the unique technical terminology of a trade or profession that is not generally understood by outsiders.

Answer 51

Jargon

Question 52

4 strategies for improving clarity: 2.Choose Familiar Terms Refers to nonstandard vocabulary and definitions assigned to words by a social group or co-culture

Answer 52

Slang

Question 53

4 strategies for improving clarity: 2.Choose Familiar Terms T or F Overusing and misusing abbreviations and acronyms does not hinder clarity

Answer 53

F (overusing and misusing abbreviations and acronyms CAN also hinder clarity)

Question 54

4 strategies for improving clarity Are unnecessary words interjected into sentences to fill moments of silence.

Answer 54

Vocalized pauses

Question 55

4 strategies for improving clarity Sometimes, the word we use may not have a precise synonym. In these situations, clarity can be achieved by adding details or examples

Answer 55

3.Provide Details and Examples

Question 56

Is one effective way to maintain your audience’s interest and help them remember what you say

Answer 56

Speaking Vividly

Question 57

Speaking Vividly words that are full of life—vigorous, bright, and intense

Answer 57

Vivid Language

Question 58

2 tips on how to speak vividly

Answer 58

1. Use Sensory Language 2. Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

Question 59

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Speaking Vividly To develop vivid sensory language, we should begin by considering what?

Answer 59

How we/you can re-create what something, someone, or some place looks like, sounds, feels, and taste or smells like (HOW SOMEONE TASTE LIKE???BJABDSHDXHEMI)

Question 59

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Speaking Vividly Appeals to the senses of seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and feeling

Answer 59

Sensory Language

Question 60

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Make striking comparisons between things that are not obviously alike. Doing so helps listeners visualize or internalize what you are saying

Answer 60

Rhetorical figures of speech

Question 61

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Combine ideas in a particular way. Any of these devices can serve to make your speech more memorable as long as they aren’t overused.

Answer 61

Rhetorical structures of speech

Question 62

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech Is a direct comparison of dissimilar things using the word like or as ex: Clichés such as “He walks like a duck” and “She’s as busy as a bee” are similes.

Answer 62

Simile

Question 63

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech Is an implied comparison between two unlike things, expressed without using "like" or "as"

Answer 63

Metaphor

Question 64

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech T or F Simile can be effective because they make an abstract concept more concrete, strengthen an important point, or heighten emotion

Answer 64

F (Metaphors)

Question 65

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech Is an extended metaphor

Answer 65

Analogy

Question 66

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech What is the difference of analogy and metaphor?

Answer 66

Metaphor is shorter, in analogy you explain it further ex: saying that you are a black sheep of the family is a metaphor, whereas if your family members are also compared to as animals then that is an analogy

Question 67

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech T or F Analogies are particularly useful to highlight the similarities between a complex or unfamiliar concept and a familiar one

Answer 67

T

Question 68

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech Is the repetition of vowel sounds in a phrase of phrases ex: How now brown cow

Answer 68

Assonance

Question 69

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech T or F Onomatopoeia make your speech more memorable as long as it's not overused

Answer 69

F (Assonance)

Question 70

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech Is the use of words that sound like the things they stand for ex: buzz, hiss, crack, plop

Answer 70

Onomatopoeia

Question 71

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech Attributes human qualities to a concept or an inanimate object ex: referring to a car as a girlfriend

Answer 71

Personification

Question 72

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech Restating words, phrases, or sentences for emphasis ex: repeating statements

Answer 72

Repetition

Question 73

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech Is combining contrasting ideas in the same sentence ex: She's as early as a turtle

Answer 73

Antithesis