Chapter 15

Question 1

Define immunocompetence

Answer 1

ability of human to mount a normal immune response

Question 2

which immunity…

discriminate well between self and non-self

Answer 2

adaptive

Question 3

which immunity…

acts indiscriminately

Answer 3

innate

Question 4

which immunity…

made up of classes of identical cells

Answer 4

innate

Question 5

which immunity…

enormous diversity that can recognize trillions of antigens

Answer 5

adaptive

Question 6

which immunity…

same type of response to each pathogen

Answer 6

innate

Question 7

which immunity…

is specific, unique resposne to each pathogen

Answer 7

adaptive

Question 8

which immunity…

remembers previous exposures to antigens to mount stronger subsequent response

Answer 8

adaptive

Question 9

which immunity…

has no memory of previous exposure

Answer 9

innate

Question 10

what are two features of adaptive immunity

Answer 10

specificity
memory

Question 11

define specificity with adaptive immunity

Answer 11

antibodies produced; function only against the antigen that they were produced in response to

Question 12

Define memory with adaptive immunity

Answer 12

lymphocytes are programmed to “recall” their first encounter with an antigen and respond rapidly to subsequent encounters

Question 13

adaptive immunity is the product of

Answer 13

dual system of B cells and T cells

Question 14

define antigens

Answer 14

molecules that are recognized by T cells or B cells

Question 15

What makes a good antigen

Answer 15

very specific interactions

Question 16

antigens are complex molecules with

Answer 16

lipoproteins
lipopolysaccharides
nucleoproteins

Question 17

What makes a poor antigen

Answer 17

small, simple molecule not attached to a carrier molecule and simply large molecules

Question 18

Innate immunity takes care of

Answer 18

usual suspects

Question 19

cells of adaptive immune system achieve high specificity and selectivity using a cell surface unique

Answer 19

to single antigen

Question 20

by the time T and B cells reach lymphoid tissues each one is already equipped to respond to a single unique antigen…

what are the major functions of receptor

Answer 20

1. recognize self vs nonself
2. phagocytosis
3. produce cytokines that function in cell signalling

Question 21

it is accepted that there is a _________ lymphocyte receptor for each unique antigen

Answer 21

different

Question 22

What is the clonal selection theory

Answer 22

undifferentiated lymphocytes in embryo and fetus undergo a continuous series of division and genetic changes that generate millions of different cell types, each with a particular unique receptor specificity

Question 23

progency of B cell clone are called

Answer 23

plasma cells and memory b cells

Question 24

progeny of T cell clone are called

Answer 24

CD8 cytotoxic t cells

Question 25

what does the clonal selection theory imply

Answer 25

antigens activate lymphocytes by binding one specific receptor once differentiated into clones, the cell can differentiate further into cells of the same type

Question 26

What does self vs non self recognition come down to

Answer 26

cell surface receptors: cell surface receptors confer specificity and identity, allow for surveillance and recognition

Question 27

Adaptive immunity relies on cell surfaces proteins encoded in the DNA region celled the

Answer 27

major histocompatibility complex

Question 28

What does the major histocompatibility complex do

Answer 28

encodes a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system in the recognition of self and in rejection of foreign molecules

Question 29

Where are MHC molecules found on

Answer 29

all cells except RBC

Question 30

the MHC is also known as the

Answer 30

human leukocyte antigen system

Question 31

Define class 1 MHC

Answer 31

genes code for markers that display unique characterisitcs of self and allow recognition of self molecules and regulation of immune reactions

Question 32

Define class 2 MHC

Answer 32

genes code for immune regulatory receptors found on antigen-presenting cells; macrophages, dendritic cells, and b cells

Question 33

What do b cells do

Answer 33

production and actions of antibodies in response to the antigen

Question 34

WHat do t cells do

Answer 34

responses to the APC

Question 35

B cells have receptor proteins called _____ on the surface of their cells

Answer 35

antibody

Question 36

B cell is __________ immune response

Answer 36

humoral

Question 37

What does activation of b cells cause

Answer 37

b cell differentiation

Question 38

plasma cells

Answer 38

antibody factories

Question 39

b memory cells

Answer 39

long-lived cells capable of quickly producing more effector cells

Question 40

b memory cells

Answer 40

long-lived cells capable of quickly producing more effector cells

Question 41

B cells present the antigen on the surface of their cells, ___________ ---> induce further cytokines production; cytokines produced by t cells help facilitate b cell differentiation

Answer 41

t cells recognize

Question 42

When are b cells activated

Answer 42

when antibody binds to antigen

Question 43

define antiserum

Answer 43

serum of blood containing specific antibodies

Question 44

Define primary response

Answer 44

latent period with no measurable antibody occurs early on

Question 45

Define secondary response

Answer 45

latent period is lacking because other memory lymphocytes from earlier response are immediately ready to react

Question 46

T cells bind

Answer 46

MHC-2 receptors with an antigen

Question 47

T cells are

Answer 47

cell mediated immune response

Question 48

What do t cells do

Answer 48

release cytokines, can induce lysis or apoptosis, can stimulate b cell maturation

Question 49

What do t cells target

Answer 49

abnormal cells

Question 50

unlike b cells; t cell receptors are

Answer 50

small, not secreted

Question 51

full maturation in the ______ _______ for t cells then migrated to the lymphoid organs

Answer 51

thymus gland

Question 52

in most immune reactions, t cells will interact with an

Answer 52

antigen presenting cell

Question 53

_____ _____ and _______ concentrate the antigens and circulate them so they will encounter lymphocytes

Answer 53

lymph nodes; spleen

Question 54

What are examples of antigen presenting cells

Answer 54

dendritic cells macrophages b cells

Question 55

t cell activation results after antigen presentation and involves a direct collaboration among an _______ and a _______

Answer 55

APC and t helper cell

Question 56

What do CD8 cytotoxic t cells do

Answer 56

recognize MHC-2 adn antigens and target the cell for distruction

Question 57

what do CD4 T helper cells do

Answer 57

recognize MHC 2 and antigen to trigger cytokine production

Question 58

What do CD4 T memory cells do

Answer 58

stored in lymph nodes and protect against future encounters with same antigen

Question 59

Define artificial immunity

Answer 59

acquired through medical procedure

Question 60

define natural immunity

Answer 60

acquired as part of normal life experiences

Question 61

define active immunity

Answer 61

results when a person develops their own immune response to an antigen that stimulates production of antibodies; creates memory cells, takes time, and is lasting

Question 62

Define passive immunity

Answer 62

pre-formed antibodies are made by one idividual and donated to another individual; does not create memory acts immediately and is short term