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Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a covalent bond

A

When electrons are shared

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2
Q

Define an ionic bond

A

When electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another

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3
Q

Define a hydrogen bond

A

2 different molecules bonded together (when one of the two is a hydrogen atom)

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4
Q

What is a redox reaction

A

oxidation and reduction rxn

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5
Q

Define bioelement

A

very specific subset of the elements essential for life as we know it

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6
Q

organic compounds are covalently bonded to what

A

carbon

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7
Q

hydroxyls look like what

A

R–O–H

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8
Q

Examples of hydroxyls for microbiology

A

alcohols, carbs, nucleic acids

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9
Q

examples of carboxyls for mircobiology

A

fatty acids, proteins, organic acids

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10
Q

examples of amino groups for microbiology

A

proteins and nucleic acids

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11
Q

examples of phosphate groups for microbiology

A

nucleic acids, atp

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12
Q

Define macromolecules

A

large compounds assembled from smaller subunites

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13
Q

define monomer

A

a repeating subunit

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14
Q

define polymer

A

a chain of monomers

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15
Q

all cells are ___ ______ encapsulated in a lipid bilayer that contains biomolecules, water, ions, and other chemicals essential for life

A

biological solutions

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16
Q

What do lipids do

A

protect membrane
energy storage
communication

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17
Q

What do nucleic acids do

A

contain genetic information

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18
Q

What do carbohydrates do

A

energy
energy storage
structural support
building blocks

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19
Q

What do proteins do

A

breakdown of substances
structural support
transport
communication

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20
Q

Define lipids

A

organic compounds with many non polar covalent bonds, making them poorly soluble in water

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21
Q

Lipids are

A

hydrophobic

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22
Q

What do lipids make up in the membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer in all cell membranes

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23
Q

What two types of molecules can easily pass through the cell membrane using simple diffusion

A

small non polar molecules, such as O2 and CO2
small, polar molecules such as h2O

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24
Q

What is the basic structure of carbs

A

backbone of carbon
polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone
generally soluble in water

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25
How does a carb add up
monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
26
Function of carbs
storage for energy and metabolism in all cells cell wall structure provides strength and protection simple sugars make up nucleic acids
27
What is a nucleotide monomer
basic building block of DNA and RNA
28
What makes up a nucleic acid
nitrogenous base pentose sugar phosphate
29
What determines the information carried on the nucleotide strand
the order of the nitrogenous base
30
What's the funciton of DNA
hereditary material
31
What's the function of RNA
organize protein synthesis, gene regulations, ribosomes, can be viral genetic information
32
Define DNA replication
copy the DNA sequences
33
When is each strand copied
at the same time, guided by base pairing and the end result is two separate and equal double helices
34
Define mutations
any change to usual DNA sequence
35
What do errors in replication result in; what can this be affected by
mutations; by natural selections
36
What are proteins of the cell
workhorse of the cell
37
What 4 things do proteins do in the cells
enzymatic contribute to cell structure and act as surface receptors provide immunity receptors or proteins on cell membrane react to different stimuli
38
Define amino acids
basic building block of proteins, bond together to make peptides, all proteins have the same "backbone" with unique side chains
39
How many amino acids are there that are essential to life
20
40
How do amino acids differ
from the side groups
41
What is an enzyme
proteins that are biocatalyst (decrease activation energy)
42
What does polymerase do
enzyme that increase more DNA and RNA
43
What does beta-lactamases do
enzyme that inactivates penicillins
44
What does protein sequences allow? Form follows _______
allow complex folding patterns; function
45
What is the most important outcome of bonding and folding
each different protein develops is correct and unique shape so that it only reacts with the correct molecules and only does its one specific job in the cell
46
What can hydroxyl groups be found in?
alcohols, carbs, nucleic acids
47
What can carboxyl groups be found in?
fatty acids, proteins, organic acids
48
What can amino groups be found in
proteins and nuclein acids
49
What can phosphate groups be found in
nucleic acids, ATP
50
What do inorganics usually not have
both C and H
51
What makes up a triglycerides
fatty acids and glycerol
52
What makes up phospholipids
fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate
53
What makes up steriods
ringed structures
54
What makes up waxes
fatty acids and alcohols
55
What are the macromolecules of lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods, and waxes
56
What are the macromolecules of carbohydrates
mono- di- poly- saccharides
57
What are the macromolecules of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA, ATP
58
What are the macromolecules of proteins
polypeptides
59
________ is in cell walls of plants
cellulose
60
_________ of bacterial cell walls
peptidoglycan
61
_____ sugars make up nucleic acids
simple
62
What creates the unique qualities of each living thing
proteins
63
What is ATP made up of
adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate

Microbiology (29 decks)

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