Chapter 14 content

Question 1

What are the primary functions of the human immune system

Answer 1

survellance
recognize self from non self
destroy the nonself material

Question 2

is innate immunity genetically encoded

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

How does innate immunity defend

Answer 3

block the entry of not only microbes but any foreign agents (living or not)

Question 4

Innate immunity has _____________ recognition of pathogens

Answer 4

non specific

Question 5

Innate immune system: to protect against pathogens, the immune system relies on an ______ ______ of host defenses that operate on many levels

Answer 5

overlapping network

Question 6

innate immunity involved ________ barriers

Answer 6

physical

Question 7

innate immunity involves _________ chemical defenses

Answer 7

non-specific

Question 8

Why are lyzozymes antimicrobial

Answer 8

they cleave PT resulting in osmotic lysis of bacterial cells

Question 9

What antimicrobial things do tears and saliva contain

Answer 9

lysozyme and defensins

Question 10

Define cytokines

Answer 10

signalling proteins fort the immune system

Question 11

When a cytokine binds to its target receptor, the effect can _______ _______ depending on the type of cytokine and type of cell

Answer 11

vary widely

Question 12

Define interluekin

Answer 12

modulate almost every function of the immune system

Question 13

Define chemokin

Answer 13

recruit leukocytes to the site of infection, tissue damage, and inflammation

Question 14

Define interferons

Answer 14

especially important in our defense against viruses

Question 15

What specifically do interferons interfere with

Answer 15

viral replication

Question 16

all blood cells form from ______ ______ in the bone marrow

Answer 16

stem cells

Question 17

blood cell generation occurs throughout

Answer 17

life

Question 18

some blood cells are tissue ________ others circulate in the blood and respond to tissue damge in to chemical signals

Answer 18

specific

Question 19

what part of bone marrow contains blood stem cells that can differentiate into many cell types

Answer 19

red bone marrow

Question 20

If pathogens are not quickly eliminated they can

Answer 20

spread throughout the body

Question 21

Define bacteremia

Answer 21

bacteria in the blood

Question 22

Define viremia

Answer 22

viruses in the blood

Question 23

Define septicemia

Answer 23

bacteria reproducing in the blood as they spread

Question 24

Define toxemia

Answer 24

microbial toxins in the blood

Question 25

Define vector

Answer 25

an animal or insect that transmits a pathogen from host to host

Question 26

Who are the majority of vectors

Answer 26

arthropods such as fleas, mosquitoes, flies, and ticks

Question 27

Define hematopoiesis and stem cells differentiation

Answer 27

programmed set of steps modulated by growth factors

Question 28

What do monocytes do

Answer 28

phagocytes, rapily leave circulation to mature into other cell types

Question 29

What do monocytes become

Answer 29

macrophages or dendritic cells

Question 30

what do macrophages do

Answer 30

ingest and kill foreign cells, required for specific immune reactions

Question 31

What do dendritic cells do

Answer 31

related to macrophages, involved in early immune reactions with foreign matter

Question 32

What do neutrophils do

Answer 32

active engulfers and killer of bacteria

Question 33

What are the immune cells involved in adaptive immunity

Answer 33

t cells b cells natural killer cells

Question 34

During infection the number of WBC ________ and many more can be found in circulating in the blood

Answer 34

increase

Question 35

White blood cells called ________ attack and ingest the microbes in non specific manner

Answer 35

phagocytes perfor or phagocytosis

Question 36

Leukocytes display special molecules on their membranes known as

Answer 36

pattern recognition receptors

Question 37

PRR are encoded in

Answer 37

germline of host AKA toll like receptors

Question 38

The PRR's of leukocytes recognize

Answer 38

pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 39

The PAMPs recognized by leukocytes are the types of molecules that are shared by _____ microbes and act as red falgs that signal WBC

Answer 39

many

Question 40

Why are some PRR's inside the cells

Answer 40

to target pathogens that become internalized

Question 41

What is the benefit of the PRR response in innate immunity

Answer 41

this type of recognition is not specific or selective for a single type of microbe, only need to produce a small number of PRR's to recognize

Question 42

What is phagocytosis

Answer 42

ingestion and destruction of WBCs

Question 43

lymph nodes

Answer 43

filter the lymph fluid

Question 44

what does the spleen do

Answer 44

filters the blood

Question 45

what is bone marrow

Answer 45

primary lymph tissue

Question 46

what do lymph vessels do

Answer 46

carry lymph

Question 47

the lymphatic system is directly linked to

Answer 47

circulatory system

Question 48

cells involved in innate immunity are called ________ and they form from _________-

Answer 48

WBC or leukocytes; stem cells

Question 49

They have ______ on their surface that recognize many microbes by their ________

Answer 49

PRR; PAMP

Question 50

Through the proess of ______ the WBC internalizes foreign material or pathogens and destroys them

Answer 50

phagocytosis

Question 51

After phagocytosis, _________ expell debris or die whereas ________ and _______ present antigen derived from the degraded material

Answer 51

neutrophils; macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 52

Define lymphatic system

Answer 52

part of the circulatory system with vessels, cells, and accessory organs

Question 53

Define lymph

Answer 53

plasmalike liquid carried by the lymphatic circulation

Question 54

Define thymus gland

Answer 54

two lobes in the pharyngeal region near the tip of the sternum, required in children for proper WBC development which help your body fight disease and infections

Question 55

Define lymph nodes

Answer 55

small, encapsulated, bean-shaped at various locations in the body, specialized for filtering out material in the lymph and contain WBC to fight infections

Question 56

What is the spleen

Answer 56

serves as a filter for blood and remove worn out RBC; also filters pathogens from the blood to be phagocytosed by macrphages

Question 57

What happens when a pathogen is filtered by the lymph nodes

Answer 57

targeted for phagocytosis

Question 58

______ is a reaction to traumatic events in the tissues (away from normal) that attempts to restore homeostasis

Answer 58

inflammation

Question 59

Inflammation and fever is a

Answer 59

normal and necessary process to clear away invading microbes and cellular debris left by immune reactions

Question 60

excessive inflammation can result

Answer 60

in local tissue damage and may become deadly

Question 61

What will initiate an inflammatory response

Answer 61

mast cells detect injury to nearby cells and release histamine to initiate inflammatory response

Question 62

What are cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 62

(SHARP) swelling heat adhered function redness pain

Question 63

Define acute inflammation

Answer 63

resolves in days/weeks and results in tissue repair

Question 64

If inflammation is not quelled what will happen

Answer 64

self damage leading to rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammation, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, shock

Question 65

Define chronic inflammation

Answer 65

leads to changes where leukocytes are repeatedly deposited in new CT at the site of inflammation, causing permanent damage

Question 66

Define fever

Answer 66

abnormally high body temperatures

Question 67

what is the body temp usually controlled by

Answer 67

control center in the hypothalamus region of the brain; thermostat regulates temperature around 37

Question 68

bacterial, viral, and host _________ production resets the hypothalamus to increase body temperature; signals muscles to increase heat production and vasoconstriction

Answer 68

pyrogen

Question 69

What are the 2 benefits of fever

Answer 69

1. increase temperature make growth conditions less favorable 2. stimulates immune system further

Question 70

Why do we get chills when we have a fever

Answer 70

brain --> be 101 blood --> 99

Question 71

Unlike innate immunity, adaptive immunity...

Answer 71

adaptive responses are tailored to specific threats that are non-self response time shortens with subsequent exposures to a pathogen while innate response is the same every time regardless of the pathogen or foreign substrance